glenphillipsmusic

sasuke cosplay

2009-04-01T00:33:00.000-07:00

Sasuke Uchiha is a fictional character in the Naruto manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto. He was created as a rival and foil to the series' titular character, Naruto Uzumaki, with his design causing difficulties for Kishimoto during drawing the manga scenes, although he has grown to enjoy drawing Sasuke.
In the anime and manga, Sasuke is a member of the Uchiha clan, a highly skilled clan of ninjas allied to the village of Konohagakure. His primary motivation throughout the series is to avenge the destruction of his entire clan by killing his brother, Itachi Uchiha, a task he pursues at all costs. While he was initially cold and singularly driven by his revenge, he becomes more empathetic through his relationships with other characters, notably Naruto Uzumaki, whom he comes to consider as a rival. Sasuke has additionally appeared in several of the featured movies in the series, as well as several other media relating to the series, including several video games and OVAs.

2007-12-06T08:08:00.001-08:00

Mathematics
In neutral geometry, the minimum distance between two points is the length of the line segment between them.
In analytic geometry, one can find the distance between two points of the xy-plane using the distance formula. The distance between (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) is given by

Similarly, given points (x₁, y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂) in three-space, the distance between them is

Which is easily proven by constructing a right triangle with a leg on the hypotenuse of another (with the other leg orthogonal to the plane that contains the 1st triangle) and applying the Pythagorean theorem.
In the study of complicated geometries, we call this (most common) type of distance Euclidean distance, as it is derived from the Pythagorean theorem, which does not hold in Non-Euclidean geometries. This distance formula can also be expanded into the arc-length formula.
In pseudo code the common distance formula is written like this:

Geometry
In the Euclidean space R, the distance between two points is usually given by the Euclidean distance (2-norm distance). Other distances, based on other norms, are sometimes used instead.
For a point (x₁, x₂, ...,x_n) and a point (y₁, y₂, ...,y_n), the Minkowski distance of order p (p-norm distance) is defined as:
p need not be an integer, but it cannot be less than 1, because otherwise the triangle inequality does not hold.
The 2-norm distance is the Euclidean distance, a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem to more than two coordinates. It is what would be obtained if the distance between two points were measured with a ruler: the "intuitive" idea of distance.
The 1-norm distance is more colourfully called the taxicab norm or Manhattan distance, because it is the distance a car would drive in a city laid out in square blocks (if there are no one-way streets).
The infinity norm distance is also called Chebyshev distance. In 2D it represents the distance kings must travel between two squares on a chessboard.
The p-norm is rarely used for values of p other than 1, 2, and infinity, but see super ellipse.
In physical space the Euclidean distance is in a way the most natural one, because in this case the length of a rigid body does not change with rotation.

Distance in Euclidean space
In mathematics, in particular geometry, a distance function on a given set M is a function d: M×M → R, where R denotes the set of real numbers, that satisfies the following conditions:
Such a distance function is known as a metric. Together with the set, it makes up a metric space.
For example, the usual definition of distance between two real numbers x and y is: d(x,y) = |x − y|. This definition satisfies the three conditions above, and corresponds to the standard topology of the real line. But distance on a given set is a definitional choice. Another possible choice is to define: d(x,y) = 0 if x = y, and 1 otherwise. This also defines a metric, but gives a completely different topology, the "discrete topology"; with this definition numbers cannot be arbitrarily close.

d(x,y) ≥ 0, and d(x,y) = 0 if and only if x = y. (Distance is positive between two different points, and is zero precisely from a point to itself.)
It is symmetric: d(x,y) = d(y,x). (The distance between x and y is the same in either direction.)
It satisfies the triangle inequality: d(x,z) ≤ d(x,y) + d(y,z). (The distance between two points is the shortest distance along any path). General case
Various distance definitions are possible between objects. For example, between celestial bodies one should not confuse the surface-to-surface distance and the center-to-center distance. If the former is much less than the latter, as for a LEO, the first tends to be quoted (altitude), otherwise, e.g. for the Earth-Moon distance, the latter.
There are two common definitions for the distance between two non-empty subsets of a given set:
The distance between a point and a set is the infimum of the distances between the point and those in the set. This corresponds to the distance, according to the first-mentioned definition above of the distance between sets, from the set containing only this point to the other set.
In terms of this, the definition of the Hausdorff distance can be simplified: it is the larger of two values, one being the supremum, for a point ranging over one set, of the distance between the point and the set, and the other value being likewise defined but with the roles of the two sets swapped.

One version of distance between two non-empty sets is the infimum of the distances between any two of their respective points, which is the every-day meaning of the word. This is a symmetric prametric. On a collection of sets of which some touch or overlap each other, it is not "separating", because the distance between two different but touching or overlapping sets is zero. Also it is not hemimetric, i.e., the triangle inequality does not hold, except in special cases. Therefore only in special cases this distance makes a collection of sets a metric space.
The Hausdorff distance is the larger of two values, one being the supremum, for a point ranging over one set, of the infimum, for a second point ranging over the other set, of the distance between the points, and the other value being likewise defined but with the roles of the two sets swapped. This distance makes the set of non-empty compact subsets of a metric space itself a metric space. Distances between sets and between a point and a set
Distance cannot be negative. Distance is a scalar quantity, containing only a magnitude, whereas displacement is an equivalent vector quantity containing both magnitude and direction.
The distance covered by a vehicle (often recorded by an odometer), person, animal, object, etc. should be distinguished from the distance from starting point to end point, even if latter is taken to mean e.g. the shortest distance along the road, because a detour could be made, and the end point can even coincide with the starting point.

Other "distances"

Taxicab geometry
astronomical units of length
cosmic distance ladder
comoving distance
distance geometry
distance (graph theory)
Distance in military affairs
Dijkstra's algorithm
distance-based road exit numbers
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
great-circle distance
length
milestone
Metric (mathematics)
Metric space
orders of magnitude (length)
Proper length
distance matrix
hamming distance
proxemics - physical distance between people

2007-12-05T07:23:00.001-08:00

For other places that have the same name, see Pyrgos (disambiguation).
Pyrgos (Greek: Πύργος) is the capital of the Prefecture of Ilia in Greece. It's named for a local tower. The city is located in the western part of the Peloponnese, in the middle of a plain in Ilia. It is 96km away from Patras via Greek National Road 9, 320 km from Athens, 144 km from Tripoli. It is bypassed by GR-9/E-55 or GR-74 (eastbound) to its east. The town of Katakolo lies 12 km to the west. Olympia is also nearby, as are Agios Georgios to the north and Lampeti (Lambeti) to the east. The Alfeios River is about 4 km to the south. The population of Pyrgos is 34,902 people. Television stations include Cosmos and ORT (Olympiaki Radiophonio Teleorassi, lit. Olympic Broadcasting Television).

Communities of the Municipality

Anthopyrgos
Kavasilakia
Kokkinochoma, located in the northeastern portion of Pyrgos
Syntriada
Tragano Sporting teams

Giorgos Karagounis (b. March 6, 1977), a soccer player

2007-12-04T08:17:00.001-08:00

Larry Coryell (April 2, 1943-) is an American jazz guitarist.
He was born in Galveston, Texas, in 1943. After graduating from Richland High School in eastern Washington, he moved to Seattle to attend the University of Washington. In 1965, Coryell moved to New York City where he became part of Chico Hamilton's quintet, replacing Gabor Szabo. In 1967 and 1968, he recorded with Gary Burton and Jim Pepper. His music during the late 1960s and early 1970s combined the influences of rock, jazz and eastern music. He formed his own group, The Eleventh House, in 1973. Following the break-up of this band, Coryell played mainly acoustic guitar, but returned to electric guitar later in the 1980s. In 1979, Coryell formed "The Guitar Trio" with jazz fusion guitarist John McLaughlin, and flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucia and toured Europe briefly, eventually releasing a video recorded at Royal Albert Hall in London entitled "Meeting of Spirits". In early 1980 Larry was replaced by Al Di Meola, due to drug addiction.
With over 60 recordings under his belt, Larry continues to be a groundbreaking force in the guitar world. He currently lives in Kissimmee, Florida, and still continues to perform and write music. Larry's two sons, Julian Coryell and Murali Coryell are also actively involved in the music business.
Among others, he has performed with:

Eric Clapton
Chick Corea
Jimi Hendrix
Paco de Lucia
John McLaughlin
Billy Cobham
Keith Jarrett
Miles Davis
Jaco Pastorius
Al Di Meola
Biréli Lagrène
Emily Remler
Pat Metheny
Kazuhito Yamashita
Brian Q. Torff
The Head Shop
Alphonse Mouzon Selected discography

Bob Moses: Love Animal (1967-68)
Herbie Mann: Memphis Underground (1968, with Sonny Sharrock)
Barefoot Boy (1969)
Larry Coryell at the Village Gate (1971)
The Real Great Escape (1973)
Introducing Eleventh House (1974)
The Restful Mind (1975, with Ralph Towner, Glen Moore, Collin Walcott)
The Eleventh House - Aspects (1976)
Philip Catherine/Coryell: Twin House (1976)
Charles Mingus: Three or Four Shades of Blue (1977)
The Eleventh House at Montreux (1978)
Together (1985, with Emily Remler)
Private Concert (Live) (1999)
Tricycles (2004)
Traffic (with Lenny White and Victor Bailey, 2006)

2007-12-03T09:17:00.001-08:00

Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea or Alexandru Gherea (rendered in Russian as Александр Доброджану-Геря or Доброжану-Гере - Aleksandr Dobrodzhanu-Gerya /Dobrozhanu-Gere; July 7, 1879, Ploieşti—1938, in the Soviet Union) was a Romanian communist militant and son of socialist, sociologist and literary critic Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea. He also used the pseudonyms of G. Alexe and Saşa/Sasha.

Communism
From 1932, he lived in the Soviet Union, working as a journalist and holding official positions in the Comintern. Gherea translated some of Vladimir Lenin's works into Romanian.
Together with the majority of Romanian communists inside the Soviet Union, after attracting Joseph Stalin's suspicion, he fell victim to the Great Purge: arrested in 1936, he was executed two years later.
In April 1968, Nicolae Ceauşescu's regime chose to investigate and exonerate most of the former Party members to have died in the period, Dobrogeanu-Gherea included. A similar measure had been taken inside the Soviet state in the previous decade, during Nikita Khrushchev's process of De-Stalinization.

2007-12-02T10:15:00.001-08:00

Kellogg School of Management
The Kellogg School of Management (The Kellogg School or Kellogg) is a business school and one of eleven schools comprising Northwestern University located in Evanston, Illinois and downtown Chicago, Illinois. Kellogg offers full-time, part-time, and executive programs, as well as partnering with schools in China, India, Hong Kong, Israel, Germany, Canada, and Thailand, granting the M.B.A and Ph.D. Founded in 1908 in downtown Chicago as a part-time evening program, the school was chartered to educate business leaders with "good moral character." Kellogg has historically been ranked highly by BusinessWeek, U.S. News & World Report, The Economist Intelligence Unit, and other business news outlets. Alumni from the Kellogg school hold leadership positions in for-profit, nonprofit, governmental, and academic institutions around the world.

History
Kellogg offers Full-Time MBA, Executive MBA, and Part-Time MBA programs. The Kellogg School's Full-Time MBA programs include the traditional Two-Year MBA program (known as the 2Y Program); the accelerated One-Year MBA program (known as the 1Y Program); the Master of Management and Manufacturing (MMM) program, a joint program with Northwestern University's Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science; and the JD-MBA program, taught in conjunction with Northwestern University Law School.
The Part-Time MBA programs include the standard Evening MBA as well as the recently-created Saturday Part-Time MBA program, which is designed for students who travel during the week for work.
The Executive MBA program consistently ranks as one of the worlds top EMBA programs and is offered as a joint degree with the Schulich School of Business at York University which is ranked as the top business school in Canada (The Economist 2006, and also with theWHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management, one of the top ranked business schools in Germany. In addition to its highly-successful MBA programs, the school also offers a PhD program.
Regardless of which program they enroll in, the school's students are part of a culture that is famous for its emphasis on teamwork and leadership skills. Much of this reputation is driven by the School's operational model, which provides a plethora of opportunities for students to lead initiatives on behalf of the school. Many aspects of the school, from admissions decisions, to admitted students weekend, to orientation week, to the annual conferences and events that the school hosts, are organized and led by students.
Because student leadership is such an integral part of the school, Kellogg was the first business school in the world to insist that all applicants be interviewed to assess their leadership potential and suitability for the Kellogg School's cooperative environment. As a result, in addition to grades, GMAT scores, professional achievement, and demonstrated leadership, 'fit' is an important part of the admissions equation at Kellogg. Admitted students are expected to be high-achievers as well as team players, and to embrace the concept of 'co-opetition' (cooperation and competition). Kellogg graduates are reputed to be exceptional team leaders, and the school is particularly regarded for its spirited and collaborative culture that emphasizes business rigor and relevance, while also affording students a wide range of educational and social experiences designed to develop leadership and professional skill.

Students and culture
Some of the Kellogg School's most prominent scholars and professors, past and present, include:
Kellogg's research centers include:
All of Kellogg's professors perform both teaching and research. The school takes feedback from executives participating in Executive MBA and Part-time MBA programs into account in defining the curriculum of its Full-time MBA program. Most classes combine lectures on theory, discussion of case studies, as well as student group projects.

Philip Kotler,#4 management guru of all time as ranked by the Financial Times and renowned marketing scholar
Arthur Andersen, founder of the auditing firm bearing his name
Willard Eugene Hotchkiss, founding Dean of Kellogg who went on to act as founding Dean of Stanford University's Graduate School of Business
Bala Balachandran, one of the top management accountants alive, pioneered Activity Based Costing
Walter Scott, former Chairman of Diageo, CEO of Ameriprise Financial, CFO of the Pillsbury Company, and Associate Director for Economics and Government at the United States Office of Management and Budget
Mohan Sawhney, pioneer in the field of technology management, and one of the 25 most influential people in e-Business as ranked by Businessweek
Donald Jacobs, Dean Emeritus who led the school during its rise to national and international prominence from the 70s into the 90s.
Dipak C. Jain, current Dean and pioneer in quantitative marketing
Louis Stern, the inventor of channel strategy
Ravi Jagannathan, expert in asset pricing and investment management
Robert McDonald, author of Derivatives Markets, the textbook on derivatives taught at business schools around the world
Robert Korajczyk expert in asset pricing and investment management
Richard Sandor, the "father of financial futures" and the CEO and Chairman of the Chicago Climate Exchange
Donald Haider, expert on intergovernmental relations, and the only individual to be named both a Congressional Fellow and a White House Fellow
Steven Rogers, professor of entrepreneruship and winner of the Entrepreneur of the Year Award (supporter category) by Ernst and Young
Ranjay Gulati, one of the top 10 most cited scholars in Business over the last 10 years
Andris Zoltners, pioneer in sales force strategy and founder of ZS Associates, a global management consulting firm specializing in sales and marketing strategy
Lynn M. Martin, Chair of the Council for the Advancement of Women
Sergio Rebelo, pioneer in the field of international finance and exchange rate theory
Brian Uzzi, pioneer in social networking theory
Sunil Chopra, world-renowned expert in supply chain management
John Ward, expert in family-business issues, co-founder of the Family Business Consulting Group, author of several books on the subject, and winner of the Richard Beckhard Award for Distinguished Leadership in Family Business
Marvin Manheim, William A. Patterson Distinguished Professor of Transportation
The Accounting Research Center
The Center for Biotechnology
The Center for Business, Government and Society
The Center for Executive Women
The Center for Family Enterprises
The Center for Financial Institutions and Markets
The Center for Health Industry Market Economics
The Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics & Mathematical Science
The Center for Nonprofit Management
The Center for Operations & Supply Chain Management
The Center for Retail Management
The Center for Research on Strategic Alliances
The Center for Strategic Decision-Making
The Center for Research in Technology & Innovation
The Dispute Resolution Research Center
The Ford Motor Company Center for Global Citizenship
The General Motors Research Center for Strategy in Management
The Guthrie Center for Real Estate Research
The Heizer Center for Entrepreneurial Studies
The International Business Research Center
The Larry and Carol Levy Institute for Entrepreneurial Practice
The Kellogg Team & Group Research Center
The Zell Center for Risk Research. Research and academics
Kellogg has built a network of partner schools around the world to increase collaboration across regions, create a global dialogue on important management topics, and provide an integrated global network for executive education. Partner schools include:

Indian School of Business in Hyderabad, India (Kellogg co-founded the school)
School of Business and Management at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in Hong Kong, China
Guanghua School of Management at Peking University, Beijing, China
Recanati Graduate School of Management at Tel Aviv University in Israel
WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management in Germany
Schulich School of Business at York University in Toronto, Canada
Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration of Chulalongkorn University in Thailand (Kellogg co-founded the school) Global partnerships
Kellogg has over 50,000 alumni. Prominent alumni include:

Alumni

Peter G. Peterson, Founder and Chairman of Blackstone Group, one of the world's largest buyout firms
John Meriwether, Founder of Long-Term Capital Management, one of the world's most influential hedge funds
Robert L. Berner III, partner, CVC Capital Partners, a global private equity firm
T. Bondurant French, Founder and CEO of Adams Street Partners, one of the world's largest private equity fund-of-funds
Stephen G. Woodsum, Founder and Managing Partner of Summit Partners, one of the world's largest growth capital firms
David Kabiller, Founding Principal of AQR Capital Management, one of the world's largest hedge funds ($20 billion in assets)
Harry M. Jansen Kraemer, Jr., Executive Partner of Madison Dearborn Partners
Jack S. Levin, Senior Partner at Kirkland & Ellis, and author of Structuring Venture Capital, Private Equity, and Entrepreneurial Transactions and Mergers, Acquisitions, and Buyouts, textbooks that are taught at dozens of business schools and law schools Private Equity

Edwin G. Booz, founder of Booz Allen Hamilton consultancy
James L. Allen, founder of Booz Allen Hamilton consultancy, and namesake of the Kellogg School's executive education center
Arthur Andersen, Founder of the auditing firm bearing his name
Ken Danieli, Brand Strategist and Principal, Danieli Consulting, LLC, strategy & branding consultancy, Pepsi Stuff creator
Jack S. Levin, Senior Partner at Kirkland & Ellis, and author of Structuring Venture Capital, Private Equity, and Entrepreneurial Transactions and Mergers, Acquisitions, and Buyouts, textbooks that are taught at dozens of business schools and law schools
Edwin C. Gage III, Chairman and CEO of Gage Marketing Group, LLC
Kenneth R. Herlin, Partner at Ernst & Young LLP
Virginia A. Clarke, Director of Spencer Stuart
Robert C. Knuepfer, International Partner at Baker & McKenzie
Susan G. Rosenstein, President of Susan Rosenstein Executive Search Limited
Mark A. Shapiro, Principal of New England Consulting Group
Ben Perks, CFO of Navigant Consulting
Michael Tower, Managing Director North America at AT Kearney
John Livingston, Managing Director Chicago Office, McKinsey & Co
Michael D. Lyman, Executive Vice President and Chief Strategy Officer, Global Management Consulting, BearingPoint Professional Service

Jerome P. Kenney, Vice Chairman and Member, Executive Client Coverage Group of Merrill Lynch, one of the world's largest investment banks
Patrick Ryan, Founder and Executive Chairman of Aon Corporation, one of the world's largest insurance companies
Thomas J. Wilson, President and CEO of Allstate Insurance Company
Wayne E. Hedien, Chairman Emeritus of Allstate Insurance Company
Craig Donohue, CEO of Chicago Mercantile Exchange, one of the world's largest commodities and derivatives exchanges
Leland C. Brendsel, Chairman and CEO Emeritus of Freddie Mac
Andrew Duff, CEO of Piper Jaffray
Chris Peacock, CEO Emeritus of Jones Lang LaSalle, one of the world's leading real estate firms
Stephen W. Baird, President & CEO of Baird & Warner Inc.
Donald C. Clark, Chairman Emeritus of Household International
Alan J. Weber, Chairman & CEO Emeritus of U.S. Trust Corporation
William A. Osborn, Chairman and CEO of Northern Trust Corporation
Scott C. Evans, CFO of TIAA-CREF
Steven E. Buller, CFO of Blackrock
A. John Gambs, CFO Emeritus of Charles Schwab
Robert J. Simmons, CFO of E-Trade Financial
Martha Coolidge Boudos, CFO of Morningstar
Paul J. Krump, COO of Chubb Commercial Insurance
David P. Bolger, EVP, CFO and Chief Administrative Officer of Aon Corporation
Yung-Ku Ha, CEO of Citibank Korea Financial Services

Promod Haque, Managing Partner at Norwest Venture Partners and winner of Forbes magazine's Midas Award for venture capitalist of the year.
Stephen G. Woodsum, Founder and Managing Partner of Summit Partners
Matt McCall, Founder and Managing Partner of Draper Fisher Jurvetson / Portage Ventures
James O'Connor, Jr., Founder of Motorola Ventures
L. Scott Minick, Managing Director of ARCH Venture Partners
Scott Halstead, General Partner at Morgan Stanley Venture Partners
John Chapman, General Partner at Techno Venture Management
Tod H. Francis, General Partner of Shasta Ventures
David Mayer, General Partner at Thoma Cressey Equity Partners
Gordon Pan, General Partner at Baird Venture Partners
E. Scott Crist, Founder & Managing Director of Crist Ventures
Patrick Pollard, President and Managing Director of BlueStar Ventures LP
James Dugan, CEO and General Partner of OCA Ventures Venture Capital

Christopher Galvin, CEO and Chairman Emeritus of Motorola
Mark Randall Goldston, CEO of United Online
Jim Safka, CEO of Match.com
Andrew B. Parkinson, Founder of Peapod.com
Thomas L. Parkinson, Founder of Peapod.com
Kent J. Lindstrom, President & COO of Friendster
J. Scott Etzler, President & CEO of InterCall
Jim Rose, Chairman and CEO Emeritus of QXL.com
Jeffrey Jackson, CFO of Sabre Holdings, parent company of Travelocity and other online travel brands
Cedric Loiret-Bernal, President & CEO of NanoInk
Laurance A. Spear, Founder of Go2Call.com
Stephen Hafner, Founder and CEO of Kayak.com
C. David Moll, CEO of Webroot Software
Robert Wayman, CFO of Hewlett Packard
David W. Devonshire, CFO of Motorola
Robert P. Dotson, President & CEO, T-Mobile USA Technology

Walter Scott, former Chairman of Diageo, CEO of Ameriprise Financial, Inc., CFO of the Pillsbury Company, and Associate Director for Economics and Government at the United States Office of Management and Budget
Richard H. Lenny, Chairman, President, & CEO of The Hershey Company
Phil Marineau, CEO of Levi Strauss & Co.
Robert Eckert, CEO of Mattel
Raymond F. Farley, President and CEO Emeritus of S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.
Douglas R. Conant, President and CEO of Campbell Soup Company
Robert H. Beeby, Retired CEO of Frito-Lay, Inc
William D. Smithburg, Retired Chairman and CEO of The Quaker Oats Company
Sheryl O'Loughlin, CEO of Clif Bar Inc.
Ronald C. Kesselman, President & CEO of Elmer's Products, Inc.
Kevin Kotecki, CEO of Pabst Brewing
Paul Tate, SVP & CFO of Frontier Airlines Consumer Goods

Gordon I. Segal, Founder & CEO of Otto Group's Crate & Barrel
Steve Odland, Chairman and CEO of Office Depot
Gregory P. Josefowicz, Chairman and CEO of Borders Group
Joseph M. DePinto, President and CEO of Seven-Eleven
Gregg Steinhafel, President of Target Corporation
Brad Blum, CEO Emeritus of Burger King
Dennis R. Farrow, COO of IHOP Corp.
Daniel M. Smith, President & CEO of Jillian's Entertainment Corp.
Selim Bassoul, Chairman and CEO of Middleby Corp
Thomas P. Cawley, CFO of Peet's Coffee & Tea, Inc.
Christine Lansing, CMO of Peet's Coffee & Tea, Inc.
Mark Berey, CFO of Giant Food
Lawerence F. Levy, Chairman of Levy Restaurants Health care and biotechnology

Sheraton Kalouria President, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia Television
Theodore Peter Phillips, President and CEO of the Chicago Bears
Kenard Gibbs, President of Vibe Magazine
W.C. Korn, Former President and CEO of CBS Stations Group
Michael George, President and CEO of QVC
Scott C. Smith, President and Publisher of the Chicago Tribune
David Shaffer, CEO of Thomson Financial
Paul Johnson, President & Publisher of Kelley Blue Book
John J. Lewis, President and CEO of AC Nielsen USA
Linda Johnson Rice, President and CEO of Johnson Publishing
Philippe Blatter, CEO of Infront Sports & Media
Henry W. Adams, Founder & CEO of Sportvision
Bruce P. Boren, President and CEO of Televisa Networks
Robert Birge, Chief Marketing Officer of IMG Sports & Entertainment
Joseph M. Vrankin, CFO of the Arena Football League
James J. Palos, President of the Institute for Media and Entertainment
James M. Rose, CEO of Media Planning Group
Raymond L. Gellein, Chairman & Co-CEO, Starwood Vacation Ownership, Inc
David A. Donatelli, Executive Vice President, Storage Product Operations, EMC Corporation Media, entertainment, and information services

James Keyes, CEO Emeritus of Johnson Controls
Fred Kindle, President and CEO of the ABB Group, the world's largest engineering firm
J. Stephen Simon, President of ExxonMobil Refining & Supply Company
David Speer, President and CEO of Illinois Tool Works
Tadahiro Yoshida, President and CEO of YKK Corporation
John W. Seiple, Jr., President & COO of ProLogis
Pamela Forbes Lieberman, CEO Emeritus of TruServ Corporation
John J. Zillmer, Chairman and CEO of Allied Waste
Stephen R. Wilson, Chairman, President and CEO of CF Industries
Terrell K. Crews, CFO of Monsanto
Thomas E. Bergmann, CFO of Harley-Davidson
John H. Tate, CFO of Frontier Airlines
Jeffrey L. Keefer, CFO of DuPont
Andrew Fastow, former CFO, Enron
William G. Walter, Chairman of the Board, President and CEO of FMC Corporation Industry

John Hoeven, Governor of North Dakota [1]
Andrew Maner, CFO of the Department of Homeland Security
Somkid Jatusripitak, Minister of Finance of Thailand
Ali Babacan, Minister of State for the Economy of Turkey
Jye-Cherng "Joseph" Lyu, Minister of Finance of Taiwan
Anwar Ul-Haq Ahady, Minister of Finance of Afghanistan
Cesar Purisima, Secretary of Trade & Industry, Republic of the Philippines
Carole Brown, Chairperson of the Chicago Transit Authority Academia
Kellogg is consistently ranked among the top five business schools in the world. Recent historical rankings of the Kellogg School's MBA, Executive MBA, and Part-Time MBA in BusinessWeek, The Economist, Financial Times, Forbes, US News & World Report, and Wall Street Journal are:

Two of the Kellogg School's other executive MBA programs are also highly ranked by the Financial Times. The School's Kellogg-HKUST program at the Hong Kong UST Business School is ranked No. 2 in the world, while the school's Kellogg-WHU program at WHU Business School in Germany is ranked No. 12 in the world.

2007-12-01T11:00:00.001-08:00

Microsoft Outlook or Outlook (full name Microsoft Office Outlook since Outlook 2003) is a personal information manager from Microsoft, and is part of the Microsoft Office suite.
Although often used mainly as an e-mail application, it also provides a calendar, task and contact management, note taking, a journal and web browsing.
It can be used as a stand-alone application, but can also operate in conjunction with Microsoft Exchange Server to provide enhanced functions for multiple users in an organization, such as shared mailboxes and calendars, public folders and meeting time allocation.

Versions
Outlook is an integrated application for email, calendaring, tasks, contacts and much more. However, it does not fully support other calendar programs for calendaring or contacts such as iCalendar, CalDAV, SyncML and vCard 3.0. Outlook 2007 claims to be fully iCalendar compliant, however it does not support all core objects, such as VTODO, VJOURNAL. Also, Outlook supports vCard 2.1 and does not support multiple contacts in the vCard format as a single file. Outlook has also been criticized for having proprietary "Outlook extensions" to these Internet standards. Also, for Outlook 2007, Microsoft has replaced the more standards-compliant Internet Explorer-based HTML editing/viewing engine with the one from Microsoft Office Word 2007. Outlook Express is being replaced by Windows Live Mail.
Outlook encourages top-posting by placing the cursor above the quoted text. A proponent of bottom-posting has created an application known as Outlook-QuoteFix to change this default to bottom-posting.

Internet standards
One of Microsoft's goals is for the e-mail client to be easy to use. However, the embedded automation and lack of security features compared to competitors have been repeatedly exploited by malicious hackers using e-mail viruses. These typically take the form of an e-mail attachment which executes on the user's machine and replicates itself by mass-mailing the user's or Exchange server's address list. Examples of such viruses are the Melissa and Sobig worms. Other programs have exploited Outlook's HTML e-mail capabilities to execute malicious code or confirm that e-mail addresses are valid targets for spam. The notoriety of the worms and other viruses has gained Outlook a reputation as a highly insecure e-mail platform.
Unix programmer Bill Joy has suggested that Outlook is insecure largely because it was written in C, making it easy to write programs to exploit it. He also believes the widespread use of Outlook is a major contributing factor in the proliferation of spam

Security concerns
Outlook 2007 was available in retail stores at the end of Jan 2007. A trial is available for download on Office Online:

A to-do bar added to the shell UI that shows a snapshot of the user's upcoming appointments and active tasks for better time and project management.
Improved calendar views that display the tasks due below each day on the week view and supports overlaying multiple calendars.
Integrated RSS aggregator
'Instant Search' through a context indexer based search engine with Windows Desktop Search
Enhanced integration with Microsoft Office SharePoint Portal Server
New programmability features [1]
Ability to publish calendars in Internet Calendar format to Microsoft Office Online or to a WebDAV server

2007-11-30T08:36:00.001-08:00

Churches

Cotroceni Palace Museum (Muzeul Naţional Cotroceni)
George Enescu Museum
Grigore Antipa Museum of Natural History
History and Art Museum (Palatul Şuţu)
Romanian National History Museum
Jewish History Museum
Military Museum
Museum of Art Collections
Museum of the Romanian Peasant (Muzeul Ţăranului Român)
National Museum of Art (Muzeul Naţional de Artă)
Theodor Aman Museum
Theodor Pallady Museum
Village Museum (Muzeul Satului)
Zambaccian Museum Museums
Public Universities and Colleges:
Source: the Law on the Organization of the Education and Research Ministry [1].

National Academy of Sports (Academia Naţională de Educaţie Fizică şi Sport)
Academy of Economic Studies (Academia de Studii Economice)
Architecture Institute (Institutul de Arhitectură Ion Mincu)
Microtechnology Institute (Institutul de Microtehnologie)
University of Bucharest (Universitatea Bucureşti)
Polytechnic University of Bucharest (Universitatea Politehnică Bucureşti)
Technical University of Construction (Universitatea Tehnică de Construcţii)
Carol Davila Medicine and Pharmacy University (Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Carol Davila)
University of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară)
Music University (Universitatea de Muzică)
Art University (Universitatea de Arte)
University of Theatrical Art and Filmmaking (Universitatea de Artă Teatrală şi Cinematografică "Ion Luca Caragiale")
National School for Political and Administrative Studies (Şcoala Naţională de Studii Politice şi Administrative) Colleges and universities

Bucharest Mall
Casa Presei Libere
National Military Center (Cercul Militar Naţional)
Creţulescu Palace
Palace of the Parliament (Palatul Parlamentului)
Palace Casino
Pasajul Macca-Vilacrosse
ruins of the Old Court (Curtea Veche)
Central University Library of Bucharest (Biblioteca Centrală Universitară) Other public Buildings

Act Theater (Teatrul Act)
C. Tănase Theater (Teatrul C. Tănase), home of a satirical revue
Casandra Theater Studio (Studioul Casandra), student theater
Comedy Theater (Teatrul de Comedie)
Excelsior Theater (Teatrul Excelsior)
Green Hours Theater (Teatrul Luni de la Green Hours)
Hanul cu Tei Theater
Ion Creangă Theater (a puppet theater)
Bulandra Theatre
Nottara Theater (Teatrul Nottara)
Odeon Theatre
Operetta (Teatrul Naţional de Operetă)
National Theatre Bucharest (Teatrul Naţional I.L. Caragiale)
Small Theater (Teatrul Mic)
Ţăndărică Theater (a puppet theater)
Theatrum Mundi
Union Theater
State Jewish Theater (Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat)
Very Small Theater (Teatrul Foarte Mic) Theaters

Radio Hall (Sala Radio)
Romanian Athenaeum (Ateneul Român)
Romanian National Opera (Opera Română) Hotels
This is not a comprehensive list of restaurants in Bucharest, only those of architectural or historic significance.

Amsterdam Grand Café
Bistro Atheneu
Caru' cu Bere
Casa Capşa
Manuc's Inn (Hanul lui Manuc)

2007-11-29T07:14:00.001-08:00

The Cantonese Wikipedia is the Cantonese language edition of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. Started in 25 March 2006, the Cantonese Wikipedia has, as of May 2007, over 3,300 articles, and over 2,000 users.
Cantonese is one of the five regional Chinese tongues to have its own Wikipedia. The other four are: Minnan Wikipedia (Main Page), Mindong Wikipedia (Main Page), Wu Wikipedia (Main Page), and Hakka Wikipedia (Main Page).
Currently, it has 11 administrators in the Cantonese Wikipedia.

See also

Chinese Wikipedia

2007-11-28T08:48:00.000-08:00

Henri-Louis Bergson (IPA: [bɛʁkˈsɔn]; October 18, 1859–January 4, 1941) was a major French philosopher, influential in the first half of the 20th century.

Biography
Bergson was born in the Rue Lamartine in Paris, not far from the Palais Garnier (the old Paris opera house). He was descended from a Polish Jewish family (originally Berekson) on his father's side, while his mother was from an English and Irish Jewish background. His family lived in London for a few years after his birth, and he obtained an early familiarity with the English language from his mother. Before he was nine, his parents crossed the English Channel and settled in France, Henri becoming a naturalized citizen of the Republic. His sister, Mina Bergson (also known as Moina Mathers), married the English occult author Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, a leader of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and the couple later relocated to Paris as well.
Bergson lived the quiet life of a French professor. Its chief landmarks were the publication of his four principal works: in 1889, Time and Free Will (Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience); in 1896, Matter and Memory (Matière et mémoire); in 1907, Creative Evolution (L'Evolution créatrice); and in 1932, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion).

Overview
Bergson attended the Lycée Fontaine (now known as the Lycée Condorcet) in Paris from 1868 to 1878. While there he won a prize for his scientific work and another, in 1877 when he was eighteen, for the solution of a mathematical problem. His solution was published the following year in Annales de Mathématiques. It was his first published work. After some hesitation as to whether his career should lie in the sphere of the sciences or that of the humanities, he decided in favour of the latter, and when he was nineteen, he entered the famous École Normale Supérieure. He obtained there the degree of Licence-ès-Lettres, and this was followed by that of Agrégation de philosophie in 1881 .
The same year he received a teaching appointment at the Lycée in Angers, the ancient capital of Anjou. Two years later he settled at the Lycée Blaise-Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, capital of the Puy-de-Dôme département, a town whose name is usually more of interest for motorists than for philosophers, being the home of Michelin tyres and the Charade Circuit racing track.
The year after his arrival at Clermont-Ferrand Bergson displayed his ability in the humanities by the publication of an excellent edition of extracts from Lucretius, with a critical study of the text and the philosophy of the poet (1884), a work whose repeated editions are sufficient evidence of its useful place in the promotion of classical study among the youth of France. While teaching and lecturing in this part of his country (the Auvergne region), Bergson found time for private study and original work. He crafted his dissertation Time and Free Will, which was submitted, along with a short Latin thesis on Aristotle, for his doctoral degree which was awarded by the University of Paris in 1889. The work was published in the same year by Felix Alcan, the Paris publisher.
Bergson dedicated Time and Free Will to Jules Lachelier, then public education minister, who was a disciple of Felix Ravaisson and the author of a rather important philosophical work On the Founding of Induction (Du fondement de l'induction, 1871). Lachelier endeavoured "to substitute everywhere force for inertia, life for death, and liberty for fatalism." (Lachelier was born in 1832, Ravaisson in 1813 . Bergson owed much to both of these teachers of the Ecole Normale Supérieure. Cf. his memorial address on Ravaisson, who died in 1900 .)
Bergson settled again in Paris, and after teaching for some months at the Municipal College, known as the College Rollin, he received an appointment at the Lycée Henri-Quatre, where he remained for eight years. In 1896 he published his second large work, entitled Matter and Memory. This rather difficult, but brilliant, work investigates the function of the brain, undertakes an analysis of perception and memory, leading up to a careful consideration of the problems of the relation of body and mind. Bergson had spent years of research in preparation for each of his three large works. This is especially obvious in Matter and Memory, where he showed a thorough acquaintance with the extensive pathological investigations which had been carried out during the period.
In 1898 Bergson became Maître de conférences at his Alma Mater, L'Ecole Normale Supérieure, and was later promoted to a Professorship. The year 1900 saw him installed as Professor at the Collège de France, where he accepted the Chair of Greek Philosophy in succession to Charles L'Eveque.
At the First International Congress of Philosophy, held in Paris during the first five days of August, 1900, Bergson read a short, but important, paper, "Psychological Origins of the Belief in the Law of Causality" (Sur les origines psychologiques de notre croyance à la loi de causalité). In 1901 Felix Alcan published a work which had previously appeared in the Revue de Paris, entitled Laughter (Le rire), one of the most important of Bergson's minor productions. This essay on the meaning of comedy was based on a lecture which he had given in his early days in the Auvergne. The study of it is essential to an understanding of Bergson's views of life, and its passages dealing with the place of the artistic in life are valuable. The main thesis of the work is that laughter is a corrective evolved to make social life possible for human beings. We laugh at people who fail to adapt to the demands of society, if it seems their failure is akin to an inflexible mechanism. Comic authors have exploited this human tendency to laugh in various ways, and what is common to them is the idea that the comic consists in there being "something mechanical encrusted on the living".
In 1901 Bergson was elected to the Académie des sciences morales et politiques, and became a member of the Institute. In 1903 he contributed to the Revue de metaphysique et de morale a very important essay entitled Introduction to Metaphysics (Introduction à la metaphysique), which is useful as a preface to the study of his three large books.
On the death of Gabriel Tarde, the eminent sociologist, in 1904, Bergson succeeded him in the Chair of Modern Philosophy. From the 4th to September 8 of that year he was at Geneva attending the Second International Congress of Philosophy, when he lectured on The Mind and Thought: A Philosophical Illusion (Le cerveau et la pensée: une illusion philosophique). An illness prevented his visiting Germany to attend the Third Congress held at Heidelberg.
His third major work, Creative Evolution, appeared in 1907, and is undoubtedly the most widely known and most discussed. It constitutes one of the most profound and original contributions to the philosophical consideration of the theory of evolution. Imbart de la Tour remarked that Creative Evolution was a milestone of new direction in thought. By 1918, Alcan, the publisher, had issued twenty-one editions, making an average of two editions per annum for ten years. Following the appearance of this book, Bergson's popularity increased enormously, not only in academic circles, but among the general reading public.

Education and career
Bergson came to London in 1908 and visited William James, the Harvard philosopher who was Bergson's senior by seventeen years, and who was instrumental in calling the attention of the Anglo-American public to the work of the French professor. James's impression of Bergson is given in his Letters under date of October 4, 1908. "So modest and unpretending a man but such a genius intellectually! I have the strongest suspicions that the tendency which he has brought to a focus, will end by prevailing, and that the present epoch will be a sort of turning point in the history of philosophy."
As early as 1880 James had contributed an article in French to the periodical La Critique philosophique, of Renouvier and Pillon, entitled Le Sentiment de l'Effort. Four years later a couple of articles by him appeared in the journal Mind: "What is an Emotion?" and "On some Omissions of Introspective Psychology." Of these articles the first two were quoted by Bergson in his 1889 work, Time and Free Will. In the following years 1890-91 appeared the two volumes of James's monumental work, The Principles of Psychology, in which he refers to a pathological phenomenon observed by Bergson. Some writers, taking merely these dates into consideration and overlooking the fact that James's investigations had been proceeding since 1870 (registered from time to time by various articles which culminated in "The Principles"), have mistakenly dated Bergson's ideas as earlier than James's.
It has been suggested that Bergson owes the root ideas of his first book to the 1884 article by James, "On Some Omissions of Introspective Psychology," which he neither refers to nor quotes. This article deals with the conception of thought as a stream of consciousness, which intellect distorts by framing into concepts. Bergson replied to this insinuation by denying that he had any knowledge of the article by James when he wrote Les données immédiates de la conscience. The two thinkers appear to have developed independently until almost the close of the century. They are further apart in their intellectual position than is frequently supposed. Both have succeeded in appealing to audiences far beyond the purely academic sphere, but only in their mutual rejection of "intellectualism" as final is there real unanimity. Although James was slightly ahead in the development and enunciation of his ideas, he confessed that he was baffled by many of Bergson's notions. James certainly neglected many of the deeper metaphysical aspects of Bergson's thought, which did not harmonize with his own, and are even in direct contradiction. In addition to this, Bergson can hardly be considered a pragmatist. For him, "utility," far from being a test of truth, was in fact the reverse: a synonym for error.
Nevertheless, William James hailed Bergson as an ally. Early in the century (1903) he wrote: "I have been re-reading Bergson's books, and nothing that I have read since years has so excited and stimulated my thoughts. I am sure that that philosophy has a great future, it breaks through old cadres and brings things into a solution from which new crystals can be got." The most noteworthy tributes paid by him to Bergson were those made in the Hibbert Lectures (A Pluralistic Universe), which James gave at Manchester College, Oxford, shortly after meeting Bergson in London. He remarks on the encouragement he has received from Bergson's thought, and refers to the confidence he has in being "able to lean on Bergson's authority."
The influence of Bergson had led him "to renounce the intellectualist method and the current notion that logic is an adequate measure of what can or cannot be." It had induced him, he continued, "to give up logic, squarely and irrevocably" as a method, for he found that "reality, life, experience, concreteness, immediacy, use what word you will, exceeds our logic, overflows, and surrounds it."
These remarks, which appeared in James's book A Pluralistic Universe in 1909, impelled many English and American readers to an investigation of Bergson's philosophy for themselves. A certain handicap existed in that his greatest work had not then been translated into English. James, however, encouraged and assisted Dr. Arthur Mitchell in his preparation of the English translation of Creative Evolution. In August of 1910 James died. It was his intention, had he lived to see the completion of the translation, to introduce it to the English reading public by a prefatory note of appreciation. In the following year the translation was completed and still greater interest in Bergson and his work was the result. By a coincidence, in that same year (1911), Bergson penned a preface of sixteen pages entitled Truth and Reality for the French translation of James's book, "Pragmatism". In it he expressed sympathetic appreciation of James's work, coupled with certain important reservations.
In April (5th to 11th) Bergson attended the Fourth International Congress of Philosophy held at Bologna, in Italy, where he gave an address on "Philosophical Intuition". In response to invitations he visited England in May of that year, and on several subsequent occasions. These visits were well received. His speeches offered new perspectives and elucidated many passages in his three major works: Time and Free Will, Matter and Memory, and Creative Evolution. Although necessarily brief statements, they developed and enriched the ideas in his books and clarified for English audiences the fundamental principles of his philosophy.

The lectures on Change, and Bergson's later life
From his first publications, Bergson's philosophy attracted strong criticism. Many writers of the early 20th century criticized his intuitionism, indeterminism, psychologism and confused interpretation of the scientific impulse. Among those who explicitly criticized Bergson (either in published articles or letters) were Bertrand Russell (see his short book on the subject), George Santayana (see his study on the author in "Winds of Doctrine"), G. E. Moore, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Julien Benda (see his book on the subject), T. S. Eliot, Paul Valéry (despite some recent claims otherwise), Andre Gide (see below), Marxists philosophers such as Theodor W. Adorno (see "Against Epistemology"), Lucio Colletti (see "Hegel and Marxism"), Maurice Blanchot (see Bergson and Symbolism), Jean-Paul Sartre (see his early book Imagination) and Georges Politzer (see the latter's two books on the subject: Le Bergsonisme, une Mystification Philosophique and La fin d'une parade philosophique: le Bergsonisme both of which had a tremendous effect on French existential phenomenology), American philosophers such as Irving Babbitt, Arthur Lovejoy, Josiah Royce, The New Realists (Ralph B. Perry, E. B. Holt, and William P. Montague), The Critical Realists (Durant Drake, Roy W. Sellars, C. A. Strong, and A. K. Rogers), Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, Roger Fry (see his letters), and Virginia Woolf (for the latter, see Ann Banfield, The Phantom Table).
C. S. Peirce took strong exception to being aligned with Bergson. In response to a letter comparing his work with that of Bergson he wrote, "a man who seeks to further science can hardly commit a greater sin than to use the terms of his science without anxious care to use them with strict accuracy; it is not very gratifying to my feelings to be classed along with a Bergson who seems to be doing his prettiest to muddle all distinctions." William James's students resisted the assimilation of his work to that of Bergson's. See, for example, Horace Kallen's book on the subject James and Bergson. As Jean Wahl described the "ultimate disagreement" between James and Bergson in his System of Metaphysics: "for James, the consideration of action is necessary for the definition of truth, according to Bergson, action...must be kept from our mind if we want to see the truth." Gide even went so far as to say that future historians will over-estimate Bergson's influence on art and philosophy just because he was the self-appointed spokesman for "the spirit of the age." As early as the 1890s, Santayana attacked certain key concepts in Bergson's philosophy, above all his view of the New and the indeterminate: "the possibility of a new and unaccountable fact appearing at any time," he writes in his book on Lotze, "does not practically affect the method of investigation;...the only thing given up is the hope that these hypotheses may ever be adequate to the reality and cover the process of nature without leaving a remainder. This is no great renunciation; for that consummation of science...is by no one really expected." According to Santayana and Russell, Bergson projected false claims onto the aspirations of scientific method, which Bergson needed to make in order to justify his prior moral commitment to freedom. Russell takes particular exception to Bergson's understanding of number in chapter two of Time and Free-will. According to Russell, Bergson uses an outmoded spatial metaphor ("extended images") to describe the nature of mathematics as well as logic in general. "Bergson only succeeds in making his theory of number possible by confusing a particular collection with the number of its terms, and this again with number in general," writes Russell (see The Philosophy of Bergson and A History of Western Philosophy). Further still, the élan vital was seen to be a projection of the inner life, a moral feeling, onto the world at large. The external world, according to certain theories of probability, provides less and less indeterminism with further refinement of scientific method. In brief, the moral, psychological, and aesthethic demand for the new, the underivable and the unexplained should not be confused with our imagination of the universe at large. A difference remains between our inner sense of becoming and the non-human character of the outer world, which, according to the ancient materialist Lucretius should not be characterized as either one of becoming or being, creation or destruction (De Rerum Natura).

Criticisms

Élan vital
Philosophy of biology
Process philosophy
Alfred North Whitehead
William James
Gilles Deleuze
Charles Peguy Notes

Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness 1910. (Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience 1889) Dover Publications 2001: ISBN 0-486-41767-0 – Bergson's doctoral dissertation
Matter and Memory 1911. (Matière et mémoire 1896) Zone Books 1990: ISBN 0-942299-05-1, Dover Publications 2004: ISBN 0-486-43415-X
Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic 1901. (Le rire) Green Integer 1998: ISBN 1-892295-02-4, Dover Publications 2005: ISBN 0-486-44380-9
Creative Evolution 1910. (L'Evolution créatrice 1907) University Press of America 1983: ISBN 0-8191-3553-4, Dover Publications 1998: ISBN 0-486-40036-0, Kessinger Publishing 2003: ISBN 0-7661-4732-0, Cosimo 2005: ISBN 1-59605-309-7
Mind-energy 1920. (L'Energie spirituelle 1919) McMillan. – a collection of essays and lectures
Duration and Simultaneity: Bergson and the Einsteinian Universe 1922. Clinamen Press Ltd. ISBN 1-903083-01-X
The Two Sources of Morality and Religion 1932. {Les Deux Sources de la Morale et de la Religion) University of Notre Dame Press 1977: ISBN 0-268-01835-9
The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics 1946. (La Pensée et le mouvant 1934) Citadel Press 2002: ISBN 0-8065-2326-3 – essay collection, sequel to Mind-Energy, including 1903's "An Introduction to Metaphysics"

2007-11-27T09:39:00.001-08:00

Home rule refers to a demand that constituent parts of a state be given greater self-government within the greater administrative purview of the central government.
In the United Kingdom, it has traditionally referred to self-government, or devolution, for constituent nations (namely Scotland, Wales and Ireland). Home rule also refers analogously to the process and mechanisms of self-government by municipalities in many countries with respect to their immediately superior level of government (e.g., U.S. states, in which context see special legislation). It can also refer to the similar system by which Greenland and the Faroe Islands are associated to Denmark.
In the British Empire, there were vigorous demands for Home Rule by activists in Ireland and India.
Home Rule is not however comparable with federalism. Whereas states in a federal system of government (e.g., Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America) have a guaranteed constitutional existence, a devolved home rule system of government is created by ordinary legislation and can be reformed, or even abolished by mere repeal or amendment of that ordinary legislation.

Indian Home Rule

Main article: Home Rule Movement

2007-11-26T09:33:00.001-08:00

Written Chinese refers to the written symbols used to represent spoken Chinese, along with rules and conventions about how they are arranged and punctuated. These symbols are commonly known as Chinese characters (traditional/simplified Chinese: 漢字/汉字; pīnyīn: hànzì), many of which have been definitively traced back to the 商 Shāng Dynasty about 1500 BCE, though the process of creating characters likely began some centuries earlier.

Chinese characters in other languages
Written Chinese is unusual in being the only major modern-day writing system not based predominantly on an alphabet or a compact syllabary. Instead, Chinese characters are glyphs whose parts may depict objects or represent abstract notions. These parts may occasionally stand alone as independent characters; far more typically, they are combined, using a variety of different principles, to form more complex characters. The most popularly known exposition of Chinese character composition is the 說文解字/说文解字 Shuōwén Jiězì, compiled by 許慎/许慎 Xǚ Shèn around 120 CE. Since Xǚ Shèn did not have access to Chinese characters in their earliest forms, his analysis, based as it is on somewhat later forms, cannot be taken as authoritative.
The last two principles do not produce new written forms; instead, they transfer new meanings to existing forms:
Chinese characters are generally written to fit into a square (except for simple characters such as 一 yī "one" for which this is not possible), even when they are composed of two simpler forms written side by side or top to bottom. In such cases, each form is compressed appropriately so that the entire character continues to fit into a square.

象形 xiàngxíng: Pictographs, in which the character is a graphical depiction of the object it denotes. Examples: 人 rén "person", 日 rì "sun", 木 mù "tree/wood".
指事 zhǐshì: Indicatives, or ideographs, in which the character represents an abstract notion. Examples: 上 shàng "up", 下 xià "down", 三 sān "three".
會意/会意 huìyì: Logical aggregates, in which two or more parts are used for their meaning. This yields a composite meaning, which is then applied to the new character. Example: 東/东 dōng "east", which represents a sun rising in the trees.
形聲/形声 xíngshēng: Phonetic complexes, in which one part indicates the general semantic category of the character (such as water-related or eye-related), and the other part is another character, used exclusively (in most cases) for its phonetic value. Example: 晴 qíng "clear/fair (weather)", which is composed of 日 rì "sun", and 青 qīng "blue/green", which is used solely for its pronunciation.
轉注/转注 zhuǎnzhù: Transference, in which a character, often with a simple, concrete meaning takes on an extended, more abstract meaning. Example: 網/网 wǎng "net", which was originally a pictograph depicting a fishing net. Over time, it has taken on an extended meaning, covering any kind of lattice. Today, in fact, it can be used to refer to a computer network; the word 網上/网上 wǎngshàng means "on the Internet".
假借 jiǎjiè: False borrowing, in which a character is used, either intentionally or accidentally, for some entirely different purpose. Example: 哥 gē "older brother", which is written with a character originally meaning "song/sing", now written 歌 gē. At one point, there was no character for "older brother", so an otherwise unrelated character with the right pronunciation was borrowed for the purpose. The structure of Chinese characters

Main article: Chinese calligraphy Chinese written forms
The seal script, though the earliest surviving form of Chinese writing, does not represent the embryonic stage of Chinese writing. The first indisputable evidence of Chinese writing, dating back to the Shāng Dynasty in the latter half of the second millennium BCE, comes to us in the form of so-called oracle bones (primarily ox scapulae and turtle shells), used for divination. Characters were inscribed on the bones in order to frame a query; the bones were then heated over a fire, and the resulting cracks were interpreted to determine the answer to the query. Such characters are called 甲骨文 jiǎgǔwén "shell-bone script" or oracle bone script.

Earlier forms

Main articles: Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, and Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters Simplified and traditional Chinese
Chinese characters conform to a roughly square frame and are not usually linked to one another, so they can conceivably be written in any direction in a square grid. Traditionally, Chinese is written in vertical columns from top to bottom; the first column is on the right side of the page, and the text runs toward the left. Text written in Classical Chinese also uses little or no punctuation.

Layout of written Chinese
Because the majority of modern Chinese words are polysyllabic (and therefore multi-character), there are at least two measuring sticks by which Chinese literacy can be measured: the number of characters known, and the number of words (character combinations with specific meanings) known. John DeFrancis, in the introduction to his Advanced Chinese Reader, suggests that a typical Chinese college graduate recognizes perhaps 4,000 to 5,000 characters, and 40,000 to 60,000 words. Examples of this phenomenon remain in common use to this day, as for instance 雞/鸡 jī "rooster", whose right side can also be written as 鳥/鸟 niǎo (in fact, the simplified character is already written that way). The two alternative right halves are different characters for "bird".

Chinese dictionaries

Main articles: Pinyin, Zhuyin, Wade-Giles, and Gwoyeu Romatzyh

2007-11-25T09:45:00.001-08:00

San Antonio College ("SAC"), is the largest collegiate campus of the Alamo Community College District in San Antonio, TX.
ACCD is "the tenth largest" college system in the United States, "the second largest system in Texas", and "each of the ACCD's five colleges is ranked among the Top-10 Hispanic serving 2-year institutions in America".

2007-11-24T09:18:00.001-08:00

ABC 2000 Today was ABC News's coverage of the millennium from December 31, 1999 into January 1, 2000. Peter Jennings anchored the 23 hours and 10 minutes of broadcast in Times Square Studios in New York. ABC temporarily converted the Good Morning America marquee broadcast studio into a type of "millennium command center" that included a desk, where a standing Jennings spent most of his time, two lounge chairs, where Jennings would interview guests, a large screen with a time-zone included map of the world, a wall of clocks, and a make-shift newsroom where ABC News staffers would follow the latest developments.

Trivia

2000 Today

2007-11-23T08:47:00.001-08:00

Jonathan Klein is the president of CNN/US. He was given the position in November 2004. Prior to that, he was the founder and president of a New York City online media company, The Feedroom.
Jon was born in New York and attended New Rochelle High School. He graduated from Brown University in 1980. He worked as a news writer and associate producer for the CBS affiliate station in Providence R.I., and later was a producer for CBS News in New York.

2007-11-22T09:07:00.001-08:00

Bristol Sonics are a rugby league club based in Bristol in the South West of England.
The Sonics were formed in the autumn of 2002 by a group of rugby league enthusiasts in the city. The club colours of maroon and gold were chosen as a tribute to Bristol's original rugby league club, which ran from the early 1980s to the early 1990s before disbanding. The Sonics name comes from Bristol's links with the development of the Concorde supersonic passenger jet, which was built and tested close to the club's original ground in Filton.
The Sonics operate two open age teams. The first team currently plays in the West Midlands Division of the Cooperative Rugby League Conference, alongside the likes of Oxford Cavaliers, Burntwood Barbarians, Wolverhampton Wizards, Redditch Ravens and Coventry Bears 'A'. The second team, the Subsonics, plays friendlies and one-off games against other social rugby league sides. 2006 saw the formation of the Sonic Youth, the club's youth and junior section.

Final table

2007-11-20T07:16:00.001-08:00

WikiProject Telecommunications may be able to help recruit one. If a more appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. The term Wireless Telegraphy is a historic term rarely used today except as applied to early radio telegraph communications. Wireless telegraphy originated as a term to describe electrical signaling without the electric wires to connect the end points. The intent was to distinguish it from the conventional electric telegraph signaling of the day that required wire connection between the end points. The term was initially applied to a variety of competing technologies to communicate messages encoded as symbols, without wires around the turn of the twentieth century with radio emerging as the most significant. These other competing wireless telegraphy technologies are interesting, but pale in significance. Wireless telegraphy rapidly came to be synonymous with Morse Code transmitted with electromagnetic waves decades before it came to be associated with the term radio. Wireless telegraphy is rarely used today except by amateur radio hobbiests where it commonly referred to as continuous wave (CW) radio telegraphy, or just CW.

Ground and water conduction
Both electrostatic and electromagnetic induction were used to develop wireless telegraph systems which saw limited commercial application. In the United States, Thomas Edison, in the mid-1880s, patented an electrostatic induction system he called "grasshopper telegraphy", which allowed telegraphic signals to jump the short distance between a running train and telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks. This system was successful technically but not economically, as there turned out to be little interest by train travelers in an on-board telegraph service. (U.S. Patent 465,971 , Means for Transmitting Signals Electrically, 1891).
The most successful creator of an electromagnetic induction system was William Preece in Great Britain. Beginning with tests across the Bristol Channel in 1892, Preece was able to telegraph across gaps of about 5 kilometers. However, his induction system required extensive lengths of wire, many kilometers long, at both the sending and receiving ends, which made it impractical for use on ships or small islands, and the relatively short distances spanned meant it had few advantages over underwater cables.

Electrostatic Induction and Electromagnetic Induction
Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) in a series of groundbreaking experiments in Germany during the 1880s. This led to work in using radio signals for wireless communication, initially with limited success. Using spark-gap transmitters plus coherer-receivers were tried by many experimenters, but several were unable to achieve transmission ranges of more than a few hundred metres. This was not the case for all researchers in the field of the wireless arts, though. By 1897, Guglielmo Marconi conducted a series of demonstrations with an economical radio system for signalling for communications over practical distances. This helped popularize radio communication activity worldwide, which is covered in depth by Invention of Radio and History of Radio.
By the 1920s, there was a worldwide network of commercial and government radiotelegraphic stations, plus extensive use of radiotelegraphy by ships for both commercial purposes and passenger messages. The ultimate implementation of wireless telegraphy was telex using radio signals, which was developed in the 1940s, and was for many years the only reliable form of communication between many distant countries. The most advanced standard, CCITT R.44, automated both routing and encoding of messages by short wave transmissions. (See telegraphy for more information).

Notes

John Joseph Fahie, A History of Wireless Telegraphy, 1838-1899: including some bare-wire proposals for subaqueous telegraphs, 1899 (first edition).
John Joseph Fahie, A History of Wireless Telegraphy: including some bare-wire proposals for subaqueous telegraphs, 1901 (second edition).
John Joseph Fahie, A History of Wireless Telegraphy: including some bare-wire proposals for subaqueous telegraphs, 1901 (second edition, in HTML format).
James Bowman Lindsay A short biography on his efforts on electric lamps and telegraphy.
Sparks Telegraph Key Review

2007-11-19T07:02:00.001-08:00

Latacunga is a plateau town of Ecuador, capital of the Cotopaxi Province, 89 km (55 miles) south of Quito, near the confluence of the Alaques and Cutuchi rivers to form the Patate, the headstream of the Pastaza. The population of Latacunga is 51,689 [1], largely mestizo and indigenous.
Latacunga, is an hour and half south from Quito on the Pan-American Highway. It was previously also in the old road from Quito to Guayaquil to Quito, and has railway station between those cities. It is 9,055 ft (2,760 m). above sea level, and its climate is cold and windy, owing them to the neighboring snowclad heights, and the barren, pumice-covered tableland on which it stands. The active volcano Cotopaxi is only 25 m. distant, and the town has suffered repeatedly from eruptions. Founded in 1534, it was four times destroyed by earthquakes between 1698 and 1798. The neighboring ruins of an older native town are said to date from the Incas.
Latacunga's most noted food is chugchucaras, which is composed of pork, hominy (stewed maize), empanadas, plantains, popcorn, and tostado (a type of toasted corn.) Often paired with ají, a type of condiment that can be mild to very spicy depending on how it's prepared.
Latacunga economy is dependent on agriculture, and floriculture. It has an international airport that is not used for international passenger use, but as Air Force base and some special commercial flights. The presence of volcanic activity, has led to the accumulation of pumice deposits which are currently mined, as well as the presence of natural sparkling water, which is bottle under the brandname San Felipe.

2007-11-18T07:17:00.001-08:00

Charles the Bold or Charles the Rash (French: Charles le Téméraire), he was the last Valois Duke of Burgundy and his early death was a pivotal, if under-recognised, moment in European history. After his death, his domains began an inevitable slide towards division between France and the Habsburgs (who through marriage to his heiress Mary of Burgundy became his heirs). Neither side was satisfied with the results and the disintegration of the Burgundian state was a factor in most major wars in Western Europe for over two centuries.

Early battles

Main article: Treaty of Péronne Treaty of Péronne
Other matters, moreover, engaged his attention. Relinquishing, if not the stately magnificence, at least some of the extravagance which had characterized the court of Burgundy under his father, he had bent all his efforts towards the development of his military and political power. Since the beginning of his reign he had employed himself in reorganizing his army and the administration of his territories. While retaining the principles of feudal recruiting, he had endeavoured to establish a system of rigid discipline among his troops, which he had strengthened by taking into his pay foreign mercenaries, particularly Englishmen and Italians, and by developing his artillery.

Domestic policies
Furthermore, he had lost no opportunity of extending his power. In 1469, the Archduke of Austria, Sigismund, had sold him the county of Ferrette, the Landgraviate of Alsace, and some other towns, reserving to himself the right to repurchase.
In October 1470, his brother in law, Edward IV of England, the King of England, and many Yorkist followers, took refuge in the Burgundian Court while the deposed Henry VI was placed back on the throne in the Readeption of Henry VI. The following March, with Burgundian support, Edward landed back in England and by May had reclaimed the crown.
In 1472-1473, Charles bought the reversion of the Duchy of Guelders (ie the right to succeed to it) from its old Duke, Arnold, whom he had supported against the rebellion of his son. Not content with being "the Grand Duke of the West," he conceived the project of forming a kingdom of Burgundy or Arles with himself as independent sovereign, and even persuaded the Emperor Frederick to assent to crown him king at Trier. The ceremony, however, did not take place owing to the Emperor's precipitate flight by night (September 1473), occasioned by his displeasure at the Duke's attitude.

Building a kingdom
In the following year Charles involved himself in a series of difficulties and struggles which ultimately brought about his downfall. He embroiled himself successively with the Archduke Sigismund of Austria, to whom he refused to restore his possessions in Alsace for the stipulated sum; with the Swiss, who supported the free towns of Upper Rhine in their revolt against the tyranny of the ducal governor, Peter von Hagenbach (who was condemned by a special international tribunal and executed on May 9, 1474); and finally, with René II, Duke of Lorraine, with whom he disputed the succession of Lorraine, the possession of which had united the two principal portions of Charles's territories— Flanders and the Low Countries and the Duchy and County of Burgundy. All these enemies, incited and supported as they were by Louis, were not long in joining forces against their common adversary.
Charles suffered a first rebuff in endeavouring to protect his kinsman, the Archbishop of Cologne, against his rebel subjects. He spent ten months (July 1474 – June 1475) besieging the little town of Neuss on the Rhine (the Siege of Neuss), but was compelled by the approach of a powerful imperial army to raise the siege. Moreover, the expedition he had persuaded his brother-in-law, Edward IV of England, to undertake against Louis was stopped by the Treaty of Picquigny (29 August 1475). He was more successful in Lorraine, where he seized Nancy (30 November 1475).
From Nancy he marched against the Swiss, hanging or drowning the garrison of Grandson, a possession of the Savoyard Jacques de Romont, a close ally of Charles, which the Confederates had invested shortly before, and in spite of their capitulation. Some days later, however, he was attacked before Grandson by the confederate army in the Battle of Grandson and suffered a shameful defeat, being compelled to flee with a handful of attendants, and leaving his artillery and an immense booty (including his silver bath) in the hands of the allies (March 2, 1476).
He succeeded in raising a fresh army of 30,000 men, with which he attacked Morat, but he was again defeated by the Swiss army, assisted by the cavalry of René II, Duke of Lorraine (22 June 1476). On this occasion, and unlike the debacle at Grandson, little booty was lost, but Charles certainly lost about one third of his entire army, the unfortunate losers being pushed into the nearby lake where they were drowned or shot at whilst trying to swim to safety on the opposite shore. On October 6 Charles lost Nancy, which René re-entered.

Downfall
Making a last effort, Charles formed a new army and arrived in the depth of winter before the walls of Nancy. Having lost many of his troops through the severe cold, it was with only a few thousand men that he met the joint forces of the Lorrainers and the Swiss, who had come to the relief of the town, at the Battle of Nancy (5 January 1477). He himself perished in the fight, his naked body being discovered some days afterwards, the face so mutilated by wild animals that only his physician was able to identify him by old scars on his body.

Death at Nancy
Charles left his unmarried nineteen year-old daughter as his heir; clearly her marriage would have enormous implications for the political balance of Europe. Both Louis and the Emperor had unmarried eldest sons; Charles had made some movements towards arranging a marriage between the Emperor's son, Maximilian, before his own death. Louis unwisely concentrated on seizing militarily the border territories, in particular the Duchy of Burgundy (a French fief). This naturally made negotiations for a marriage difficult. He later admitted to his councillor Philippe de Commynes that this was his greatest mistake. In the meantime the Hapsburg Emperor moved faster and more purposefully and secured the match for his son, the future Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, with the aid of Mary's step-mother, Margaret.
Charles the Bold has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit—a man who possessed no other quality than a blind bravery. He cannot however be said to have embodied chivalric notions, as did his father, for even by the standards of the time, he displayed wanton cruelty. In view of Charles' irrational behaviour in the last year or so of his life, it has even been suggested that he became mentally unstable.
Charles was also a great admirer of exotic animals and had the first peacocks imported into Burgandy. His attempts to import an elephant for his daughter ultimately failed however.

Legacy

Ancestors

1433–5 January 1477: Count of Charolais as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Burgundy as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Brabant as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Limburg as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Lothier as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Luxemburg as Charles II
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Margrave of Namur as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count Palatine of Burgundy as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Artois as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Flanders as Charles II
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Hainault as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Holland as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Zeeland as Charles I
23 February 1473–5 January 1477: Duke of Guelders as Charles I
23 February 1473–5 January 1477: Count of Zutphen as Charles I Further reading

Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands
Burgundian Wars
Jacques, Duke of Savoy
Dukes of Burgundy family tree

2007-11-17T08:44:00.001-08:00

The Edict of Pistres or Edictum Pistensis is often held up as one of the few examples, if not the sole example, of good government from Charles the Bald, the man who can be called first king of France. The edict was promulgated, as its name suggests, at Pistres (modern Pîtres, in Eure) on July 25, 864.
At a time when Vikings more than annually ravaged not only the European coast, but much of the interior (especially in France) as well, a king was most valued who could defeat them in the field and prevent their attacks in the future. The primary, and most long-lasting, effect of the Edict was therefore to protect the cities and countryside from Viking raids. Charles did this by creating a large force of cavalry upon which he could call as needed. He ordered all men who had horses or could afford horses to serve in the army as cavalrymen. This was one of the beginnings of the French chivalry so famous for the next seven centuries. The intention of Charles was to have a mobile force with which to descend upon the raiders before they could up and leave with their booty.
To prevent the Vikings from even attaining a great booty, Charles also declared that fortified bridges should be built at all towns on rivers. This was to prevent the dreaded longships from sailing into the interior. The first bridge built was at Pistres itself, across the Seine. At Paris, bridges were built on both sides of the Île de la Cité. Those bridges would save the city in the siege of 885–886. Charles also prohibited all trade in weapons with the Vikings, in order to prevent them from establishing bases in Gaul.
Asides from its auspicious military reforms, the Edict had political and economic consequences. King Pepin II of Aquitaine, against whom Charles had been fighting for decades, had been captured in 864 and was formally deposed at Pistres. Economically, besides the prohibitions on commerce with the enemy, Charles tightened his control of the mints and limited them in number to ten. Charles also made an attempt to control the building of private castles, but this failed and even minor lords constructed fortresses of their own on local hilltops to defend themselves and their underlings from the constant threat of Scandinavian invasion.

See also

List of treaties

2007-11-16T07:53:00.001-08:00

G4 Media, Inc. is the parent company of G4, a 24-hour cable and satellite channel originally dedicated to video games. Comcast holds a controlling interest in G4 Media, with EchoStar holding a minority interest of approximately 12%.
In early 2004, G4 Media (at the time owned entirely by Comcast) announced the purchase of a controlling interest in TechTV. On May 28, 2004, G4 and TechTV merged into a hybrid network called G4techTV. EchoStar (which held a minority interest in TechTV) retained partial ownership of the combined entity.
The new network leaned more toward the gaming programming that was featured on G4 than the technology side that was featured on TechTV, prompting petitions and complaints from disaffected TechTV fans. On February 15, 2005, TechTV was officially dropped from the network name in the United States, leaving only three TechTV shows, X-Play, Anime Unleashed (removed indefinitely as of March 2006) and The Screen Savers (later rebranded as Attack of the Show!). The network is currently called G4, and now focuses on general male interest programming.
G4 Media holds a 33.3% minority interest in G4techTV Canada, G4's Canadian counterpart. G4techTV Canada has retained the TechTV brand as a result of restrictions by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.
On October 13, 2006, Comcast announced that it will consolidate G4, bringing it under E! Networks. G4's executive staff will move into E!'s Los Angeles offices and layoffs may occur.

2007-11-15T07:47:00.001-08:00

Ladislaus II or László II (Hungarian: II. László; Slovak: Ladislav II., Croatian: Ladislav I.), (1131–January 14, 1163), was King of Hungary from 1162 to 1163.
Ladislaus was the second son of King Béla II of Hungary by Jelena of Serbia. In 1137, his father named him Duke of Bosnia, but Ladislaus quarreled with his brother Géza II and was forced into exile. Like his younger brother Stephen, Ladislaus sought the support of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.
After the death of Géza II in May 1162, the throne passed to his young son Stephen III, but the Byzantine emperor threatened the Hungarian nobility, forcing it to accept Ladislaus as king. The reign of Ladislaus lasted for only about half a year, from July 15, 1162 to his death on January 14, 1163. Almost nothing is known about his short reign. Already recognized his brother's heir, Stephen IV succeeded to the throne. By a wife whose name is unknown, Ladislaus had a daughter, Mária.
In medieval times, he was not counted as a king (being only an anti-king). So Ladislaus III was also counted as Ladislaus II.

2007-11-14T07:23:00.001-08:00

Roslin (sometimes spelt Rosslyn) is a village in Midlothian, Scotland, to the south of the Scottish capital city Edinburgh. It is situated approximately 12 miles (20 km) from Edinburgh Airport.
The name Roslin derives from the Celtic words "ross", a rocky promontory, and "lynn", a waterfall. Legend has it the village was founded in 203 A.D. by Asterius, a Pict.Another possible name orgin of Roslin is the ley line named Roseline that runs directly through the chapel at Rosslyn; but this seems unlikely as no direct proof has ever been found that ley lines exist. Roslin became important as the seat of the St. Clair family. In 1456 King James II granted it the status of a burgh. Coal mining has been a major occupation from the twelfth to the late twentieth centuries. The village was put in the world media spotlight when hollywood,s Tom Hanks & co came to Roslin September 2005 to film the blockbusting movie the Da Vinci Code, locals put on a party & invited the cast & crewe to celebrate the revelations as disclosed in the fact-fiction book written by Dan Brown. As a direct result 175000 pilgrim,s made the journey to the village the year the film was released, to make there own conclusion,s. There is now a country park in Roslin Glen.
The Dunedin, New Zealand suburb of Roslyn was named after Roslin; as was Roslindale, Boston, Massachusetts as well as Roslin, Ontario, Canada.
Rosslyn Chapel
Roslin Castle
Battle of Roslin, 1303 [1]
Roslin Institute, where Dolly the Sheep was cloned.

2007-11-13T09:32:00.001-08:00

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Reformation Day is a religious holiday celebrated on October 31 in remembrance of the Reformation, particularly by Lutheran and Reformed church communities. It is a civic holiday in Slovenia (since the Reformation contributed to its cultural development profoundly, although Slovenians are mainly Roman Catholics) and in the German states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia.
On this day in 1517, Martin Luther posted a proposal at the doors of a church in Wittenberg, Germany to debate the doctrine and practice of indulgences. This proposal is popularly known as the 95 Theses, which he nailed to the Castle Church doors. This was not an act of defiance or provocation as is sometimes thought. Since the Castle Church faced Wittenberg's main thoroughfare, the church door functioned as a public bulletin board and was therefore the logical place for posting important notices. Also, the theses were written in Latin, the language of the church, and not in the vernacular. Nonetheless, the event created a controversy between Luther and those allied with the Pope over a variety of doctrines and practices. When Luther and his supporters were excommunicated in 1520, the Lutheran, Reformed and Anabaptist traditions were born.
Within the Lutheran church, Reformation Day is considered a minor festival, and is officially referred to as The Festival of the Reformation. Until the 20th Century, most Lutheran churches celebrated Reformation Day on October 31st, regardless of which day of the week it occurred. Today, most Lutheran churches transfer the festival, so that it falls on the Sunday (called Reformation Sunday) on or before October 31st and transfer All Saints' Day to the Sunday on or after November 1st.
The liturgical color of the day is red, which represents the Holy Spirit and the Martyrs of the Christian Church. Luther's hymn, A Mighty Fortress is our God is traditionally sung on this day. Lutherans customarily stand during the hymn, in memory of its use in the religious wars of the Sixteenth Century.
It is also traditional in some Lutheran schools for schoolchildren to hold Reformation Day plays or pageants that re-enact scenes from the life of Martin Luther.

2007-11-12T10:14:00.001-08:00

[[:Template:Moscoso was early explorerof Mexico. He took the position of comander of an expidition after Hernando De Soto died and turned back with 600 men.Unreferenced]]
Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez de Arias (born July 1, 1946) was the President of Panama from 1999 to 2004, representing the Arnulfista Party. She was Panama's first female president.
Moscoco has an interior design diploma from Miami-Dade Community College in the United States, and she is the widow of former President Arnulfo Arias.

Presidency
She oversaw the U.S. handover of the Panama Canal in January 2000. Having fired every major officeholder in the Panama Canal Authority appointed by the previous administration, she is credited with keeping the Authority autonomous and running the canal in an efficient manner.

Panama Canal
Throughout her five-year government, numerous corruption scandals were aired on the media. None of her close allies, allegedly involved, were investigated.

Corruption scandals
Moscoso raised eyebrows soon after her election in 1999, when she gave all 72 members of the Legislative Assembly expensive Cartier watches and earrings worth an estimated $146,000 just before the vote on the government-proposed budget package. She claimed they were Christmas gifts and that she paid for them from her own money, not from public funds. No investigation was made.

Durodollar
Her popularity at the end of her government was the lowest for a Panamanian President. At the end of her term in office she held inauguration ceremonies for several unfinished public works. The most famous example is the new Centennial Bridge over the Panama Canal, inaugurated with big parties on August 15, 2004 (15 days before ending her term) by the government despite the fact that it would take until September 2, 2005 (a year later) to open the bridge for traffic, since only then the new highways leading to the bridge were finished.
Days before Moscoso ended her term and left Panama to retire in Florida, she pardoned four Cuban exiles -- including the infamous terrorist Luis Posada Carriles -- who had been convicted of plotting to assassinate Fidel Castro, causing Cuba to break off diplomatic relations with Panama. The relations were reestablished under her successor, President Martín Torrijos.

Successor
With the new government, numerous mechanisms to investigate corruption cases were instituted. It is alleged that Taiwan's donations to the Panamanian government were put under private foundations that were controlled by Moscoso's Cabinet and close friends.
Moscoso is now facing numerous corruption investigations in Panama. She blames Fidel Castro for initiating the corruption allegations, however Moscoso's close aides point to Panamanian political rivals as the source. [1](link broken)

2007-11-11T08:20:00.001-08:00

Collier's Weekly was an American magazine founded by Peter Fenelon Collier and published from 1888 to 1957. With the passage of decades, the title was shortened to Collier's.
As a result of Peter Collier's pioneering investigative journalism, Collier's Weekly established a reputation as a proponent of social reform. When attempts by various companies to sue Collier ended in failure, other magazines became involved in what Theodore Roosevelt described unflatteringly as "muckraking journalism."

History
When Norman Hapgood became editor of Collier's Weekly in 1903, he attracted many leading writers. In May, 1906, he commissioned Jack London to cover the San Francisco earthquake, a report accompanied by 16 pages of pictures. Under Hapgood's guidance, Collier's Weekly began publishing the work of investigative journalists such as Samuel Hopkins Adams, Ray Stannard Baker, C.P. Connolly and Ida Tarbell. Hapgood's approach had great impact, resulting in such changes as the reform of the child labor laws, slum clearance and women's suffrage. In April, 1905, an article by Upton Sinclair, "Is Chicago Meat Clean?", persuaded the Senate to pass the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.
Starting October 7, 1905, Adams startled readers with "The Great American Fraud," an 11-part Collier's series. Analyzing the contents of popular patent medicines, Adams pointed out that the companies producing these medicines were making false claims about their products and some were health hazards. Hapgood launched the series with the following editorial:
In the present number we print the first article in "The Great American Fraud" series, which is to describe thoroughly the ways and methods, as well as the evils and dangers, of the patent medicine business. This article is but the opening gun of the campaign, and is largely introductory in character, but it will give the reader a good idea of what is to come when Mr. Adams gets down to peculiarities. The next article, to appear two weeks hence, will treat of "Peruna and the 'Bracers'," that is, of those concoctions which are advertised and sold as medicines, but which in reality are practically cocktails.
Since these articles on patent medicine frauds were announced in Collier's some time ago, most of the makers of alcoholic and opiated medicines have been running to cover, and even the Government has been awakened to a sense of responsibility. A few weeks ago the Commissioner of Internal Revenue issued an order to his Collectors, ordering them to exact a special tax from the manufacturer of every compound composed of distilled spirits, "even though drugs have been added thereto." The list of "tonics," "blood purifiers" and "cures" that will come under this head has not yet been published by the Treasury Department, but it is bound to include a good many of the beverages which, up to the present time, have been soothing the consciences while stimulating the palates of the temperance folk. The next official move will doubtless be against the opium-sellers; but these have likewise taken fright, and several of the most notorious "consumption cures" no longer include opium or hasheesh in their concoction.
"The Great American Fraud" had a powerful impact and led to the first Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). The entire series was reprinted by the American Medical Association in a book, The Great American Fraud, which sold 500,000 copies at 50 cents each.
Hapgood had a huge influence on public opinion, and between 1909 and 1912, he succeeded in doubling the circulation of Collier's from a half million to a million. When he moved on to Harper's Weekly in 1912, he was replaced as editor for the next couple years by Robert J. Collier, the son of the founder.
Writers such as Martha Gellhorn and Ernest Hemingway, who reported on the Spanish Civil War, helped boost the circulation. Winston Churchill, who wrote an account of the First World War, was a regular contributor during the 1930s, but his series of articles ended in 1938 when he became a minister in the British government. Other writers included Willa Cather, Zane Grey, Ring Lardner, Sinclair Lewis, E. Phillips Oppenheim, Carl Fick, Ruth Burr Sanborn, Albert Payson Terhune and H.C. Witwer.

Editors and writers
Collier's circulation battle with The Saturday Evening Post led to the creation of The Collier Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932. It was radio's first major dramatic anthology, adapting stories and serials from Collier's. Airing on the Wednesday before weekly publication, it switched to Sundays to avoid spoilers with stories being aired simultaneously with the magazine. In 1929, in addition to the dramatizations, it offered music, news, sports and comedy.

Radio
Serializing novels during the late 1920s, Collier's Weekly sometimes simultaneously ran two ten-part novels, and non-fiction was also serialized. Between 1913 and 1949, Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu serials, illustrated by Joseph Clement Coll and others, were hugely popular. The Mask of Fu Manchu, which was adapted into a 1932 film and a 1951 Wally Wood comic book, was first published as a 12-part Collier's serial, running from May 7 to July 23, 1932. The May 7 issue displayed a memorable cover illustration by famed maskmaker Władysław T. Benda, and his mask design for that cover was repeated by many other illustrators in subsequent adaptations and reprints.

Serials
Leading illustrators and cartoonists contributed to Collier's, including Charles Addams, Carl Anderson, Stan and Jan Berenstain, Sam Berman, Howard Chandler Christy. Sam Cobean, Harrison Fisher, James Montgomery Flagg, A.B. Frost, Jay Irving, Crockett Johnson, E.W. Kemble, Hank Ketcham, Percy Leason, David Low, J. C. Leyendecker, Bill Mauldin, John Cullen Murphy, Virgil Partch, Mischa Richter, John Sloan, Frederic Dorr Steele, William Steig, Charles Henry "Bill" Sykes, Richard Taylor, Gluyas Williams, Gahan Wilson and Rowland B. Wilson. In 1903, Charles Dana Gibson signed a $100,000 contract, agreeing to deliver 100 pictures (at $1000 each) during the next four years. From 1904 to 1910, Maxfield Parrish was under exclusive contract to Collier's, which published his famed Arabian Nights paintings in 1906-07. After WWII, Harry Devlin became the top editorial cartoonist at Collier's, one of the few publications to display editorial cartoons in full color.

2007-11-10T07:45:00.001-08:00

There are two "official" definitions of metropolitan area used today in the United States, metropolitan statistical areas, and combined statistical areas, the former restrictive, the latter more extensive. The following is a list (by population) of all metropolitan statistical areas as defined by the United States Census Bureau.
Population estimates are current as of July 1, 2006. Metropolitan statistical area names are current as of December 1, 2005.
Several of these areas extend into Canada or Mexico but are not recognized by the US Census Bureau; US Census population figures do not include sections of cross-border metropolitan areas outside of the United States.

The Census Bureau does not include Puerto Rico in its overall rankings of areas.

2007-11-09T09:34:00.001-08:00

Bill Holland (born December 18, 1907, died May 19, 1974) was an American race car driver from North Carolina who won the Indianapolis 500 in 1949.

World Championship career summary
He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 2005.

2007-11-08T08:25:00.001-08:00

This article is about the 20th century state. For the area that was known as Transjordan during the Crusades, please see Oultrejourdain
"East Bank" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see East Bank (disambiguation).

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The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the Mandate for Palestine, created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect in September 1923. It was geographically equivalent to 1942–1965 Kingdom of Jordan (slightly different from today's borders), and remained under the nominal auspices of the League of Nations and British supreme rule, until its independence in 1946.
Initially, both the territory to the East and the West of the Jordan river were within the British Mandate for Palestine. "Transjordan" was a name coined as a reference to the part of Palestine "across the Jordan", i.e., on the far (eastern) side of the Jordan River. On the western side of the Jordan River was the remaining 21% of the Palestine Mandate, which contained many places of historical and religious significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Under the Ottoman empire, Transjordan did not correspond precisely to a political division, though most of it belonged to the Vilayet of Syria and a small southern section came from the Vilayet of Hejaz. The inhabitants of northern Jordan had traditionally associated with Syria, those of southern Jordan with the Arabian Peninsula, and those of western Jordan with the administrative districts west of the Jordan River. However, the creation of the Hejaz railway by the Ottoman Empire had started to reshape the associations within the territory. Historically the territory had formed part of various empires; among these are the Jewish, Assyrian, Achaemenid, Macedonian (Seleucid), Nabataean, Ptolemaic, Roman, Byzantine, Sassanid, Muslim, Crusader, and Ottoman empire.
The Mandate for Palestine, while specifying actions in support of Jewish immigration and political status, stated that in the territory to the east of the Jordan River, Britain could 'postpone or withhold' those articles of the Mandate concerning a Jewish National Home. In September 1922, the British government presented a memorandum to the League of Nations stating that Transjordan would be excluded from all the provisions dealing with Jewish settlement, and this memorandum was approved by the League on 11 September. From that point onwards, Britain administered the part west of the Jordan as Palestine, and the part east of the Jordan as Transjordan. Technically they remained one mandate but most official documents referred to them as if they were two separate mandates. Transjordan remained under British control until 1946.
The borders and territory of Transjordan were not determined until after the Mandate came into effect. The borders in the east of the country were designed so as to aid the British in building an oil pipeline from their Mandate of Iraq through Transjordan to seaports in the Palestine Mandate.
The Hashemite Emir Abdullah, elder son of Britain's wartime Arab ally Sharif Hussein of Mecca, was placed on the throne of Transjordan. Britain recognized Transjordan as a state on May 15, 1923, and gradually relinquished control, limiting its oversight to financial, military and foreign policy matters. This had an impact on the goals of Zionism, as it effectively severed Transjordan from Palestine and so reduced the area of a future Jewish state in the region. [1] In March 1946, under the Treaty of London, Transjordan became a kingdom and on May 25, 1946, the parliament of Transjordan proclaimed the emir king, and formally changed the name of the country from the Emirate of Transjordan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the 'West Bank' area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah took the title King of Jordan, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949. The following year he annexed the West Bank. With the exception of the French Cisjordanie, the coinage, Cisjordan, meant to apply specifically to the West Bank at that time, has not since caught on, outside Jordanian circles.

2007-11-07T09:25:00.001-08:00

Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 12:02, 12-08-2007(UTC). * Appearances (Goals)
David Barry Kitson (born 21 January 1980, Hitchin, England) is an English footballer, currently playing for Reading in the Premier League.

Republic of Ireland
Kitson appeared on Sky Sports' Saturday morning football show Soccer AM on 26 August 2006.

2007-11-06T10:26:00.001-08:00

Granada Television is the United Kingdom ITV contractor for North West England. It previously held the "North of England" weekday franchise (which also covered large parts of Yorkshire) from 1954 (broadcasting began on May 3, 1956) until 1968 when its broadcast area was split into two franchises. It is part of ITV plc.
Granada was the only one of the original four ITA franchisees from 1954 which survived as a franchise holder into the twenty-first century, until the merger of its parent company, Granada plc in 2004 into ITV plc. The North West franchise continues to be held by Granada Television Ltd, part of ITV plc.

Origins
With some eighteen months between the awarding of their franchise and the start of transmission, Granada built a brand new studio complex, on bomb clearance land close to the River Irwell in Manchester. This was revolutionary on two counts; Firstly the new ITV companies tended to build production centres in London and just have regional offices in their constituencies (strategies used by both ABC and ATV and eerily similar to the prevailing direction of the present day ITV). Granada wanted to be 'at the heart' of their area and so built a main base in the centre of Manchester.
Secondly they were the first British television company to create facilities purpose-built for television production. Prior to this (and for some time after) companies converted former film studios, cinemas or other large buildings. The centre at Manchester pre-dated the BBC's Television Centre by four years. To embellish the scale of the company, the studios were numbered with even numbers only (2, 4, 6 etc.). Of the six original studios only four still exist: Studio 4, a continuity studio, was eventually mothballed and converted to office space. Studio 10 wasn't part of the Manchester complex at all, but was actually a theatre in Chelsea, London, used by Granada for recording dramas, or for other programmes with special circumstances. Studio 2 is currently a CSO studio, used for programmes such as What The Papers Say and Tonight with Trevor McDonald. All the existing studios are now operated by ITV's joint venture company with BBC Resources, 3sixtymedia.
The company also opened a small production office in Leeds to serve the area that would be eventually covered by the Emley Moor transmitter. In the early 1980s and in response to criticism the station was neglecting Merseyside it opened a news centre at the Albert Dock, Liverpool, since replaced with a smaller district office based in the Liver Building.
Granada was determined to develop a strong Northern identity for themselves — Northern voices, Northern programmes, Northern idents ("From The North — Granada", and "Granadaland").
This was counter to the practice of the other franchisees, who adopted fairly nondescript names such as Associated British Corporation, Associated TeleVision, and Associated-Rediffusion, which did not have regional associations so that they could easily move their franchises to other parts of the country — if they did well, in the future the ITA might reward them with a plum London franchise. The Northern identity immediately set Granada apart, making them immovable and embedding the company into the psyche of its viewers — so much so that the term "Granada" to this day instantly means Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside and Cheshire to many viewers.
All this put great pressure on the early finances of the station. The predicted audiences for ITV were slow in coming and Sidney Bernstein had to personally visit large companies to persuade them to advertise on Granada. The company was having trouble paying salaries and was very close to collapse by early-1957.
Only the intervention of London station Associated Rediffusion prevented this when they agreed to underwrite Granada's costs in exchange for a significant share in their profits over the next eight years. Although this deal saved the company and seemed a good idea at the time, the popularity of ITV soon increased and the profits started flowing in, most of it going straight to Rediffusion. Understandably this upset Granada who asked if they could change the contract; equally understandably Rediffusion kept them to their word and this soured relations between the two for many years to come.
Granada's policy of regional identification was successful, and the ITA decided that all franchise contractors, large or small, should identify with their regions in this way — this was a problem which was to dog ATV for the rest of its existence and be the direct cause of the company's demise.

The Early Years
The culture of Granada was distinctly more Socialist than the more conservative companies further south. The company produced gritty dramas and hard-hitting documentaries such as the multi-award winning World in Action and Seven Up!. Jeremy Isaacs worked as a producer at Granada from 1958 and was involved with developing a significant portion of the channel's factual programming. The classic soap opera Coronation Street which started a 13-week, two episodes a week run on 9 December 1960, is still producing five episodes a week in 2006.
In 1968 it set up a unique experiment employing actors to work in television and theatre on the same contract - the Stables Theatre Company directed by Gordon McDougall.
Granada did not produce light entertainment extravaganzas of its own, but was quite happy to transmit those produced by its co-franchisees, but by the mid-1970s it was producing programmes for an international audience, such as Laurence Olivier Presents (1976-78), Brideshead Revisited (1981), and from 1984 The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Also in that year came the dramatisation of The Jewel in the Crown. These shows (amongst many others) were sold overseas through a separate division known as Granada Television International.
The productions of Brideshead and Jewel were well received at the time, but coincided with the BBCs disastrous The Borgias and the screening of the American adaptation of The Thorn Birds in each instance, giving the commercial channel a certain glow in the Thatcher era over its public funded rival.
Another of its flagship programmes was the long-running quiz show, University Challenge — which was revived by the BBC in the 1990s, although still produced by Granada. One of the Granada's longest running programmes, What The Papers Say, is unique in having had three different broadcast "homes". The programme, which began in the same year Granada did, 1956, was also picked up by the BBC in the early 90s, after having been previously shown by Channel 4 as well as ITV. Granada also produced the long running quiz programme The Krypton Factor.
In the 1970s Granada produced a number of successful situation-comedies, often based around its constituency of north-west England. These included Nearest and Dearest, The Lovers and The Cuckoo Waltz. This theme ran into the following decade with shows such as the Brothers McGregor and Watching.
For children the station drew on the success of 1970s pop music with shows such as Lift Off with Ayshea and giving The Bay City Rollers their own show, Shang-a-lang. The station also produced Marc, presented by glam rock star Marc Bolan. The show was still in-production when Bolan was killed in a car accident in 1977.

Programming
In 1968, Granada's contract was changed from weekdays across the whole "north of England" region (Lancashire and Yorkshire) to one covering the whole week in the North West (served by the Winter Hill transmitter). This led Sidney Bernstein to declare that 'if the ITA (Independent Television Authority) interfered in the territory of Granadaland he would go to the United Nations'. The Yorkshire contract (now to be served by the Emley Moor transmitter) was awarded to the Telefusion Yorkshire and Yorkshire Independent Television consortia.
Granada had little difficulty in retaining its franchise in the 1980 round and despite bidding significantly less than its rivals survived the 1991 round by virtue of the "quality threshold" applied by the regulator. (Granada had been out-bid for their franchise by rivals Mersey Television, but the other company was not granted the licence as their package was not deemed to meet the required quality threshold)
By the late 1980s it was thought that the UK commercial broadcasters were too small to be able to compete in the world television market - a problem exacerbated by the 1990 Broadcasting Act which instigated quotas on independent programming, removed the ITV's advertising monopoly and instigated the expensive auction process of the 1991 franchise round. Granada won the 1991 franchise round on quality grounds.
The Conservative government responded by relaxing the regulatory regime, so that ITV contractors could take each other over, and Granada responded by going on an acquisition spree, which resulted by 2002, in Granada establishing an effective duopoly of ITV with Carlton Television, excepting only the franchises in Central and Northern Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Channel Islands.

Franchise renewals
One charge that has been levelled at the company over the years is that it neglects certain areas of its franchise - particularly Liverpool and Merseyside - and has shown a slant in the setting of its programmes, levels of investment and local news coverage that show a favouritism towards the Manchester area.
This was one of the main reasons cited by Mersey Television in their failed bid to win the northwest franchise in the 1990s. Whatever the truth of the accusations, it must be noted that Granada increased its levels of investment in the city in the late eighties, moving the regional news service to prominent buildings in the city's Albert Dock complex and basing its daytime networked show This Morning there for several years. The programme moved to The London Studios in the late 90s, and the reason cited for this was that it was difficult to get top name guests to travel from London to Liverpool that early in the morning. Since then, the Albert Dock studios have been vacated and sold.
With changes in the broadcasting environment making loss of its franchise highly unlikely though, some have argued that Granada has again returned to earlier ways, with investment in the Liverpool area comparatively small when compared with the facilities that exist in Manchester.

G-Wizz
In 1996 Granada teamed up with BSkyB to form a joint venture Granada Sky Broadcasting to provide content and new channels to the satellite platform. Granada Breeze, the lifestyle channel (an amalgamation of several earlier channels, including Granada Talk TV, Granada Food and Wine, Granada Health and Beauty, Granada TV High Street and Granada Home and Garden), was broadcast from a custom-built conservatory studio in the grounds of the existing studios, but closed in 2002. Granada Plus (a channel devoted to showing Granada's back catalogue of TV programmes, including classic episodes of their most popular show, Coronation Street) was first retitled 'Plus', and then eventually turned into ITV3 with just minutes' notice to staff in November 2004. Only the male-oriented channel, Men & Motors, which is now fully owned by ITV plc, remains from the now ceased relationship.

Granada Sky Broadcasting

Channels

Main article: Granada Plus Granada Plus

Main article: Granada Breeze Granada Breeze

Main article: Granada Talk TV Granada Talk TV
From 1997 until 2002 Granada and Carlton invested and lost over £1,000,000,000 over their joint venture into pay-TV digital terrestrial broadcasting, ONdigital, which was rebranded as ITV Digital in the summer of 2001, to the fury of SMG plc, UTV, and Channel Television which attempted to block the renaming on the grounds that it would damage the ITV brand. The competition offered by the new Sky Digital service, launched in 1998, was too great an obstacle for the service to overcome and, inevitably, ITV Digital ceased broadcasting on May 1, 2002. This chapter in Granada's story was single-handedly responsible for sweeping cuts within the organisation, including the cutting back of budgets for their flagship drama serials and productions, the sale of numerous assets and the loss of many staff from the Manchester headquarters.
Later in 2002, talks on a proposed merger between Granada and Carlton were broken off after a failure to agree terms.

Rebranding and merger

Granada Productions
Granada Ltd.

2007-11-05T07:06:00.001-08:00

Freddie Starr "ate my hamster"
In 1994 Freddie Starr was again the subject of tabloid newspaper attention in Britain. Thousands of pounds worth of jewellery went missing from Starr's home where a man named Robin Coxhead worked as a gardener, and Coxhead was suspected of stealing it. When questioned by the police Coxhead, who was homosexual, claimed to have given oral sex to Starr over a period of five years, and that the jewellery had been given to him as a reward. The case went to court and Coxhead was discredited when he was unable to state whether Starr's penis was circumcised or uncircumcised. Coxhead was found guilty and sentenced to 15 months in prison in 1995.
Apart from the occasional guest appearance, Starr has not been seen regularly on British television since the late 1990s. ITV's The Freddie Starr Show, broadcast between 1996 and 1998, was his last major work for the medium. His appearances on LWT's An Audience with Freddie Starr in 1996 and Another Audience with Freddie Starr in 1997 were critically acclaimed, although Starr admits in his autobiography that his television appearances often failed to capture the chaotic atmosphere of his live performances.
Freddie Starr is still touring in theatres across the United Kingdom.

Additional information
Unwrapped - My Autobiography by Freddie Starr with Alan Wightman ISBN 1-85227-961-3

2007-11-04T08:08:00.001-08:00

The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic. The name Brythonic is derived from the Welsh word Brython, meaning an indigenous Briton as opposed to an Anglo-Saxon or Gael. The Brythonic branch is also referred to as P-Celtic because the Brythonic reflex of the Proto-Indo-European phoneme *k is p as opposed to the Goidelic c. Such nomenclature usually implies an acceptance of the P-Celtic hypothesis rather than the Insular Celtic hypothesis (for a discussion, see Celtic languages).
Other major characteristics include:
The major Brythonic languages are Welsh and Breton, both of which survive as community languages today. The Cornish language died out at the end of the eighteenth century, but attempts at reviving it started in the 20th century and are ongoing. Also notable are the extinct language Cumbric, and possibly the extinct Pictish (although the late Kenneth H. Jackson argued during the 1950s, from some of the few remaining examples of Pictish, that Pictish was a non-Indo-European language, the majority of modern scholars of Pictish do not agree).

the treatment of -m, -n as -am, -an.
initial s- followed by a vowel was changed to h-

Irish sean "old", sior "long", samail "similar"
Breton hen, hir, heñvel
Brythonic retains original nasals before -t
- Breton kant "hundred" vs. Irish cead
  sp, sr, sv/sw became f, fr, chw
  - *swero "toy, game" became Welsh chwarae and Breton c'hoari
    *srokna "nostril" became W ffroen and Br froen.
    all other initial s- fell before consonants
    - smero became W mwyar, Br mouar "fruit"
      slemon became W llyfn, Br levn "smooth"
      v became gw where in Goidelic it is f
      - vindos "white" became W gwenn
        vassos "servant, young man" became W gwas
        double plosives transformed into spirants: pp, cc, tt became f, ch (c'h), th (z) before a vowel or liquid
        
        cippus > Br kef "tree trunk", W cyff
        cattos > Br kaz, W cath
        bucca > Br boc'h, W boch
        single voiceless plosives and voiced d, b, and m in an intervocalic position became soft spirants
        
        Welsh dd[ð], th[θ], f [v]
        Breton z, v History and origins
        The principal legacy left behind in those territories from which the Brythonic languages were displaced is that of toponyms (place-names). There are many Brythonic place-names in lowland Scotland and in the parts of England where it is agreed that substantial Brythonic speakers remained (Brythonic names, apart from those of the former Romano-British towns, are scarce over most of England). Names derived (sometimes indirectly) from Brythonic include London, Penicuik, Perth, Aberdeen, York, Dorchester, Dover and Colchester. Brythonic elements found in England include bre- and bal- for hills, and carr for a high rocky place, while some such as coomb(e) for a small deep valley and tor for a hill are examples of Brythonic words that were borrowed into English. Others reflect the presence of Brythons, such as Dumbarton - from the Scottish Gaelic Dùn Breatainn meaning "Fort of the Britons", or Walton (several) meaning a 'tun' or settlement where Welsh/Brythons still lived.
        It is generally accepted that linguistic effects on English were lexically rather poor aside from toponyms, consisting of a few domestic words, which may include hubbub, peat, bucket, crock, noggin, gob (cf. Gaelic gob), nook; and the dialectal term for a badger, i.e. brock (cf. Welsh broch, and Gaelic broc). Arguably, the use of periphrastic constructions (using auxiliary verbs like do and be) in the English verb (which is more widespread than in the other Germanic languages) is traceable to Brythonic influence.
        Some researchers (Filppula et al., 2001) argue that English syntax reflects more extensive Brythonic influences. For instance, in English tag questions, the form of the tag depends on the verb form in the main statement (aren't I?, isn't he?, won't we? etc). The German nicht wahr? and the French n'est-ce pas?, by contrast, are fixed forms which can be used with almost any main statement. It has been claimed that the English system has been borrowed from Brythonic, since Welsh tag questions vary in almost exactly the same way. This view is far from being generally accepted, though.
        Far more notable, but less well known, are the many Brythonic influences on Scottish Gaelic. Like English, periphrastic constructions have come to the fore, but to a much greater degree. Scottish Gaelic contains a number of apparently P-Celtic loanwords, but as there is a far greater overlap in terms of Celtic vocabulary, than with English, it is not always possible to disentangle P and Q Celtic words. In particular, the word srath (anglicised as "Strath") is a native Goidelic word, but its usage appears to have been modified by the Brythonic cognate whose meaning is slightly different.

2007-11-03T08:26:00.001-07:00

The Fox News Channel (FNC) is a United States-based cable and satellite news channel. It is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, and is a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. As of January 2005, it is available to 85 million households in the U.S. and further to viewers internationally, broadcasting primarily out of its New York City studios.
The network was launched on October 7, 1996

History

Outlets

Main article: Fox News Channel programming Television
Like other news networks, Fox News Channel produces a news website featuring the latest coverage of news stories, including video clips from the network's television division, audio clips from Fox News Radio, in addition to columns from the network's assorted television, radio, and online personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the network's website ranks below many other news websites, ranking in the lower teens in the list of top news websites.

Online

Main article: Fox News Radio Radio

Main article: Fox News Channel personalities Personalities
Fox News currently leads the cable news market in the United States, earning higher points ratings than its chief competitors CNN and MSNBC combined by average viewership.

Ratings

Main article: Fox News Channel controversies Controversies
Fox News has been accused of promoting a conservative, right-wing, or Republican point of view at the expense of neutrality.

Accusations of bias
As with many news sources, Fox News executives exert a degree of editorial control over the content of their daily reporting. In the case of Fox News, some of this control comes in the form of daily memos issued by Fox News' Vice President of News, John Moody. Critics of Fox News cite these memos as evidence of a conservative bias in Fox News reporting, and claim that information in these memos duplicates Republican talking points.

Trademark disputes
The channel is available internationally, though its world programming is identical to its American programming (with the exception of Fox News Extra breakfillers), unlike CNN International, which airs regional programming that is almost entirely independent of its U.S. broadcasts.

International transmission
Until early 2002, Fox News replaced US advertisements with e-mails from viewers around the world who liked Fox News, as well as profiles of Fox News anchors, set to music. These were never updated and consisted of a small number of such segments. They, in turn, were replaced with international weather forecasts. In 2006, they replaced the weather segments with 'Fox News Extra' segments, various narrated reports from FOX Reports on a variety of topics. These reports are generally on lighter issues not related to current news events, and the segments are repeated. The segments are introduced by various Fox News anchors (mostly headline segment anchors), who in addition to introducing the segment, thank viewers from a chosen international location for watching Fox News.
When Fox News Extra segments run short, international weather forecasts are shown for the remaining duration of the break.
The Fox News feed in the United Kingdom does not feature Fox News Extra, and instead features break fillers from sister channel Sky News's International Variant. For a short period in 2001, a still of the Fox News logo replaced this other content.

Fox News Extra
In Australia Fox News Channel is broadcast on the three major Pay-TV providers, Austar, Optus Television and Foxtel. Foxtel is 25% owned by News Corporation, and the other two are just rebroadcasters of Foxtel content. The Australian syndication previously featured some local programming, including a John Laws current affairs program in place of "Fox & Friends". Local advertisements are aired in place of every second 'Fox News Extra' segment.

Australia
Since 2002 Fox News has been broadcast to Brazil, but the commercials are replaced with weather forecasts and their own Brazilian ads. It is broadcast by Sky (satellite operator, a joint-venture between News Corporation and Globosat) and in the digital packages of NET.

Brazil
On December 14, 2000, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved Fox News Canada on behalf of the Global Television Network, for broadcast in Canada. Fox News Canada was to be a domestic Canadian version of Fox News. On December 16, 2004, Rogers Communications became the first Canadian cable or satellite provider to broadcast Fox News, with other companies following suit within the next several weeks.

Canada
In New Zealand, Fox News is broadcast on Channel 92 of pay satellite operator Sky TV's digital platform. It is also broadcast overnight on New Zealand TV channel Prime, owned by Sky. Fox News parent corporation News Corp has a stake in both Sky and Prime.

New Zealand
In Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, Fox News is broadcast on TV8 for some 16 hours a day, since 2003. Fox News Extra segments replace U.S. advertising. However, in September 2006, Fox News was replaced by German news channel Deutsche Welle. This change resulted in Fox News losing all of its coverage in Sweden.

Scandinavia
Fox News is also carried in the United Kingdom and Ireland by the British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite television network (Sky Digital), in which News Corporation (the largest shareholder) holds a 38 percent stake. It is a sister channel to BSkyB's Sky News, which is more popular in the region and does not carry any such controversy. Fox News is usually broadcast as a VideoGuard encrypted channel but during major news stories it may be simulcast on Sky Active, which is free to air. A fault in certain Pace Micro Sky Digibox receivers, notably the DS-430N which was Sky's default issue for some years, has left them able to decrypt the channel with no active subscription card since March 1, 2006; although no reason is known as to why. As of September 2006 the channel has carried UK specific advertising, along with headlines and weather provided by Sky News between its breaks. These run under the brand of Fox News International.

United Kingdom and Ireland
Fox News Channel is also carried in more than 40 countries. Although service to Japan stopped in the summer of 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases),

Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Cambodia
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Finland
Grenada
Guam
Guatemala
Hong Kong
Iceland
Indonesia
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Peru
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Portugal
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Saint Kitts
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Spain
Slovenia
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tonga
United Arab Emirates
Venezuela Archive and licensing

Collins, Scott. Crazy Like a Fox: The Inside Story of How Fox News Beat CNN. ISBN 1-59184-029-5.
FNC Ratings Soar as War in Lebanon Rages. MediaWeek.
"Fox's Smith tops cable news ranks in ratings", Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel.
"Fox Factor", USA Today.
Q2 '06: FNC #9 On All Of Cable TV. Media Bistro.

2007-11-02T10:35:00.001-07:00

East Asian Community is a proposed Trade bloc for the East Asia countries that may arise out of either ASEAN Plus Three or the East Asia Summit.

Potential members

History
The idea of establishing a trade community within East Asia has had a long history composed of the then-members of ASEAN (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand), the Peoples' Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. This was also a failure since it faced strong objections from Japan and the United States
After a series of failures, ASEAN and its neighbors created another regional grouping the ASEAN Plus Three, established in 1997 and institutionalised in 1999. [2]. The significance of this grouping was demonstrated in the response to the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997. ASEAN Plus Three appeared to take the role of community building in East Asia.
In 1999, a Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation [3] was issued on the topic of East Asian integration by ASEAN.
In 1998, ASEAN Plus Three established The East Asian Vision Group of eminent persons which reported in 2001. In turn in 2001 the East Asian Study Group was established. In 2002, ASEAN Plus Three received The Final Report of the East Asian Study Group. [4] This included a recommendation to establish an East Asia Summit.
As a result, the status of ASEAN Plus Three is unclear with the existence of the more recent East Asia Summit established in 2005 following this process and involving all the members of ASEAN Plus Three, together with India, Australia and New Zealand.[5] [6] [7]

Subsequent to the EAS
The shape of the East Asia Community remains something to be defined in the future. The issues being explored at this stage deal with whether there will be a Community which must be resolved prior to understanding what it will look like. [15]
Some have linked the EAS with a future broader Asian Economic Community like the European Community. [16] However some commentators see this an overly optimistic vision [17] and it is plainly in the very distant future if it is to occur - the European Community has taken decades to reach its current shape.
On any view community building is not a short term project. However after the second EAS the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh was confident that the EAS would lead to an East Asia Community. [18] [19] China had also apparently accepted this was the case. [20]
If achieved the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (CEPEA) would be a tangible first step in the community building process. The second EAS seems to have increased confidence in CEPEA but is still only a proposal. [21]
For the moment currency union, as distinct from the Asian Currency Unit, is not even being purused within ASEAN, much less the broader members of the EAS. [22] [23]

Economics aspect
The cultural, religious, language and racial groupings in the EAS are diverse. [26] There is also great disparity in the size and level of development in the economies and in the populations of the nations involved. Plainly the level of support within the EAS for such an ambitious role for the EAS is mixed.
The Japanese Government has proposed an exchange program over the five years from 2007 to 2011 with up to 6,000 youths per annumm visiting Japan from EAS member countries. [27]

2007-11-01T09:20:00.001-07:00

Crispin Bonham-Carter (b. 23rd September, 1969) is an English actor and a distant cousin of Helena Bonham Carter. He is the son of Peter Bonham-Carter and Clodagh Greenwood. He graduated from the University of St Andrews, Scotland in 1992.
He is well-known for his role as Mr. Bingley in BBC's Pride and Prejudice in 1995. The previous year he had starred in the TV sitcom Honey for Tea.
He played a small role in Bridget Jones's Diary, a modern-day version of Pride and Prejudice; he can be seen in the scene in which Bridget first enters the book launch party. He is to the left as she walks up to a group of 3 men.
He also appeared on Season 4 of Absolutely Fabulous. He played a posh gardener named Jago Balfour who recited Latin plant names to Edina. Julia Sawalha, who played Lydia in Pride and Prejudice, appeared opposite him in her role as Saffy. Saffy commissioned Jago to redesign the back garden.
He is married to Katherine Julian Dawnay. They have four children: Kit, Arthur (17 March 1997), Stanley (21 April 2002) and Frank (12 January 2006).
He has a sunburst tattoo on his upper right arm.

2007-10-30T09:57:00.001-07:00

Childhood and family background
In the years from 1904 to 1914, Mises attended lectures given by the prominent Austrian economist Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk. Mises taught at the Vienna University in the years from 1913 to 1934, while also serving as a principal economic adviser to the Austrian government.
To avoid the influence of National Socialists in his Austrian homeland, and fearing repression due to his Jewish ancestry He received an honorary doctorate from Grove City College.
Despite his growing fame, Mises listed himself plainly in the New York phone directory and he welcomed students freely to his home. Mises died at the age of 92 at St Vincent's hospital in New York.

Professional life
Part of a series on Libertarianism Agorism Anarcho-capitalism Geolibertarianism Green libertarianism Right-libertarianism Left-libertarianism Minarchism Neolibertarianism Paleolibertarianism Austrian School Chicago School Classical liberalism Individualist anarchism Civil liberties Free markets Free trade Laissez-faire Liberty Individualism Non-aggression Private property Self-ownership Economic views Libertarian theorists History Movement Parties Theories of law Views of rights Criticism of libertarianism Mises wrote and lectured extensively on behalf of classical liberalism and is seen as one of the leaders of the Austrian School of economics. In his treatise on economics, Human Action, Mises introduced praxeology as the conceptual foundation of the science of human action, establishing economic laws of apodictic certainty rejecting positivism and material causality. Many of his works, including Human Action, were on two related economic themes:
Mises argued that money is demanded for its usefulness in purchasing other goods, rather than for its own sake and that any significant credit expansion causes business cycles. His other notable contribution was his argument that socialism must fail economically because of the economic calculation problem — the impossibility of a socialist government being able to make the economic calculations required to organize a complex economy. Mises projected that without a market economy there would be no functional price system, which he held essential for achieving rational allocation of capital goods to their most productive uses. Socialism would fail as demand cannot be known without prices, according to Von Mises. Mises' criticism of socialist paths of economic development is well-known.
The only certain fact about Russian affairs under the Soviet regime with regard to which all people agree is: that the standard of living of the Russian masses is much lower than that of the masses in the country which is universally considered as the paragon of capitalism, the United States of America. If we were to regard the Soviet regime as an experiment, we would have to say that the experiment has clearly demonstrated the superiority of capitalism and the inferiority of socialism.
These arguments were elaborated on by subsequent Austrian economists such as Hayek.
In Interventionism, An Economic Analysis (1940), Ludwig von Mises wrote:
The usual terminology of political language is stupid. What is 'left' and what is 'right'? Why should Hitler be 'right' and Stalin, his temporary friend, be 'left'? Who is 'reactionary' and who is 'progressive'? Reaction against an unwise policy is not to be condemned. And progress towards chaos is not to be commended. Nothing should find acceptance just because it is new, radical, and fashionable. 'Orthodoxy' is not an evil if the doctrine on which the 'orthodox' stand is sound. Who is anti-labor, those who want to lower labor to the Russian level, or those who want for labor the capitalistic standard of the United States? Who is 'nationalist,' those who want to bring their nation under the heel of the Nazis, or those who want to preserve its independence?

monetary economics and inflation;
the differences between government controlled economies and free trade. Contributions to the field of economics
The Theory of Money and Credit (1912) • Socialism (1922) • Liberalism (1927) • Omnipotent Government (1944) • Human Action (1949) • The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality (1956)

The Theory of Money and Credit
Nation, State, and Economy
Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis

Full text: [1]
Critique of Interventionism
Liberalism
Epistemological Problems of Economics
Omnipotent Government: The Rise of Total State and Total War
Bureaucracy
Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
- preceded by Nationalökonomie in 1940 (Full German text in PDF)
  Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution
  The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality
  The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science
  Economic Policy: Thoughts for Today and Tomorrow Books
  
  Austrian School
  Praxeology
  Analytic-synthetic distinction and Ludwig von Mises' response to the Kantian challenge
  Contributions to liberal theory
  Hans-Hermann Hoppe
  Israel Kirzner
  Liberalism in Austria
  Libertarianism
  List of Austrian scientists
  List of Austrians
  Ludwig von Mises Institute
  Mont Pelerin Society
  Murray Rothbard
  Richard von Mises - Ludwig von Mises' brother
  Karl Polanyi - with whom von Mises debated leading to Polanyi's book The Great Transformation Further reading

2007-10-29T08:19:00.001-07:00

Architectural styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time period, region, etc. It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution and history of architecture. In architectural history, the study of Gothic architecture, for instance, would include all aspects of the cultural context that went into the design and construction of these structures. Architectural style is a way of classifying architecture that gives emphasis to characteristic features of design, leading to a terminology such as Gothic "style".
The Victoria and Albert Museum maintains an interactive online microsite with an introductory overview of ten architectural styles grouped in four clusters:

Modern, High-Tech and Postmodern
East Asian, South Asian and Spanish Islamic
Gothic and Gothic Revival
Classical and Classical Revival. Pre-history to the present

Adam style 1770 England
American Craftsman 1890s–1930 USA, California & east
American Empire (style) 1810
Amsterdam School 1912–1924 Netherlands
Ancient Egyptian architecture 3000 BC–373 AD
Ancient Greek architecture 776 BC-265 BC
Arcology 1970s-present
Art Deco 1925–1940s Europe & USA
Australian architectural styles
Baroque architecture
Bauhaus 1919–1930s
Beaux-Arts architecture
Biedermeier 1815–1848
Blobitecture 2003–today
Brick Gothic c.1350–c.1400
Bristol Byzantine 1850-1880
Brutalist architecture 1950s–1970s
Byzantine architecture 527 (Sofia)-1520
Chicago school (architecture) 1880s and 1890 USA
City Beautiful movement 1890–1900s USA
Classical architecture 600 BC-323 AD
Colonial Revival architecture
Constructivist architecture
Deconstructivism 1982–today
Decorated Period c.1290–c.1350
Early English Period c.1190—c.1250
Egyptian Revival architecture 1809–1820s, 1840s, 1920s
Elizabethan architecture (b.1533 – d.1603)
Empire (style) 1804 to 1814, 1870 revival
English Baroque 1666 (Great Fire)–1713 (Treaty of Utrecht)
Expressionist architecture 1910–ca. 1924
Federal architecture
Futurist architecture 1909 Europe
Georgian architecture
Googie architecture 1950s America
Gothic architecture
Gothic Revival architecture 1760s–1840s
Greek Revival architecture
Heliopolis style 1905–ca. 1935 Egypt
International style (architecture) 1930–today
Italianate 1802
Jacobethan 1838
Jugendstil 1888 to 1911 German Art Nouveau
Manueline 1495 to 1521 (reign)
Mediterranean Revival Style 1920s–1930s USA
Memphis Group 1981-1988
Metabolist Movement 1959 Japan
Mid-century modern 1950s California, etc.
Mission Revival Style architecture 1894-1936
Modern movement 1927–1960s
Modernisme 1888 to 1911 Catalonian Art Nouveau
National Park Service Rustic 1872–1916 USA
Nazi architecture 1933-1944 Germany
Neo-Byzantine architecture 1882–1920s American
Neoclassical architecture
Neo-Grec 1848 and 1865
Neo-gothic architecture
Neolithic architecture 10,000 BC-3000 BC
New towns 1946-1968 United Kingdom
Norman architecture 1074-1250
Palladian architecture 1616–1680 (Jones)
Perpendicular Period c.1350–c.1550
Postmodern architecture 1980s
Prairie Style 1900–1917 USA
Pueblo style 1898-1990s
Queen Anne Style architecture 1870–1910s UK & USA
Queenslander (architecture) 1840s–1960s
Regency architecture
Richardsonian Romanesque 1880s USA
Rococo
Roman architecture 753 BC–663 AD
Romanesque architecture 1050-1100
Romanesque Revival architecture 1840–1900 USA
Russian architecture 989 - 1700s
Russian Revival 1826 - 1917, 1990s - present
Secessionism
Second Empire 1865 and 1880
Shingle Style or stick style 1879-1905 New England
Sicilian Baroque 1693 earthquake–c.1745
Spanish Colonial Revival style 1915–1940 USA
Spanish Colonial style 1520s–c.1550
Stalinist architecture 1933–1955 USSR
Stick style
Streamline Moderne 1930–1937
Sumerian architecture 5300 BC–2000 BC
Tudor style architecture 1485–1603
Tudorbethan architecture 1835–1885
Ukrainian Baroque late 1600 - 1800s
Usonian 1936–1940s USA
Victorian architecture 1837 and 1901 UK

2007-10-28T09:41:00.001-07:00

Sub-Neighborhoods
The New Eastside is a mixed-use district bordered by Michigan Avenue to the West, the Chicago River to the North, Randolph Street to the South, and Lake Shore Drive to the East. It encompasses the entire Illinois Center and Lakeshore East developments[1], as well as separate developments like Aon Center, Prudential Plaza, Park Millennium Condominium Building, Hyatt Regency Chicago, and the Fairmont Hotel. The area has a triple-level street system and is bisected by Columbus Drive. Most of this district has been developed on land that was once used by the Illinois Central Railroad rail yards. The early buildings in this district such as the Aon Center, One Prudential Plaza were among the first built using airspace rights. They were built above the railyards.
The triple-level street system allows for trucks to mainly travel and make deliveries on the lower levels, keeping traffic to a minimum on the upper levels.
Upcoming buildings include AQUA, part of Lake Shore East, and the Manderin Oriental Hotel & Tower. Construction has begun on both of these projects, with expected completion dates in 2009.
The New Eastside is served by the following Chicago Public Schools campuses: Ogden School and Wells Community Academy High School.

New Eastside
Printer's Row, also known as Printing House Row, is a neighborhood located in the southern portion of the Loop community area of Chicago. It is bounded by Congress Parkway on the north, Polk Street on the south, Plymouth Court on the east, and the Chicago River on the west. The signature street is Dearborn Street where the annual Printer's Row Book Fair [2] is held. Originally, the buildings in this area were used by printing and publishing businesses. Today, the buildings have mainly been converted into residential lofts. Part of Printer's Row is an official landmark district [3].
Printer's Row is zoned to the following Chicago Public Schools campuses: South Loop School and Phillips Academy High School.

Printer's Row
Most of the area south of Congress Parkway and east of the Chicago River, possibly excepting Printer's Row, is referred to as the South Loop. The southern boundary of the neighborhood is under debate. While the southern boundary for the community area is Roosevelt Road, the term "South Loop" is often used to describe an area that extends as far south as 18th Street or Cermak Road. Numerous shops south of Roosevelt Road with "South Loop" in their name hint that this more generous definition may be gaining recognition.
The more restrictively-defined area includes River City, the northern half of Dearborn Park, and portions of State Street, Wabash Avenue, and Michigan Avenue. The more generous definitions would include the Central Station development, Dearborn Park II, the Prairie District, and even the northern growth of Chinatown.
The major landowner in the South Loop is Columbia College Chicago, a private school that owns 15 buildings. Also to be found here is the National Vietnam Veterans Art Museum, championed by Mayor Daley.
South Loop is zoned to the following Chicago Public Schools campuses: South Loop School and Phillips Academy High School. Jones College Prep High School, which is a selective enrollment magnet school drawing students from the entire city, is also located in the South Loop.
Weather permitting, large scale flea-marketing takes place here.

South Loop
The Loop also contains the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District, which is the section of Michigan Avenue opposite Grant Park.

Notable landmarks in the Chicago Loop

Looptopia

2007-10-27T09:05:00.001-07:00

Stonea Camp is an Iron Age hill fort located near March in the Cambridgeshire Fens. Situated on a gravel bank just 2 metres above sea-level, it is the lowest hill fort in Britain. Around 500 BC, when fortification is thought to have begun at this site, this 'hill' would have provided a significant area of habitable land amidst the flooded marshes of the fens. The site exhibits at least two phases of development over several hundred years of settlement, with a D-shaped set of earth banks surrounded by a larger, more formal set of banks and ditches.

Roman control
The fort is a possible site of the battle of 47 AD mentioned by Tacitus, between the Iceni tribe and a Roman auxiliary force under governor Ostorius Scapula. Human remains have been found around the site including sword-marked adult bones and the cleaved skull of a child, indicating that the inhabitants were trapped and attacked within the settlement.
The remains of a multi-storey Roman tower have also been excavated within sight to the north of the Stonea Camp fortifications. The building was probably constructed to suppress further tribal rebellion or settlement at this site.

2007-10-26T09:46:00.001-07:00

Anders Zorn (February 18, 1860, Mora – August 22, 1920) was a Swedish painter and printmaker in etching who painted portraits of, among others, three American Presidents, including Grover Cleveland in 1899. The Zorn Collections in Mora (Dalarna, Sweden) is a museum dedicated to the works of Anders Zorn. He has become famous for his nude paintings and vivid depictions of water. Some of Zorn's most important works can be seen at Nationalmuseum (National Museum of Fine Arts) in Stockholm, Sweden. There is also a painting by him at Musée d'Orsay in Paris.

2007-10-25T08:41:00.001-07:00

The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation) denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648.
The Catholic Reformation was a comprehensive effort, comprised of five major elements:

Doctrine

Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration

Religious Orders

Spiritual Movements

Political Dimensions

Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.

Doctrine
Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration
Religious Orders
Spiritual Movements
Political Dimensions "Counter-Reformation" or "Catholic Reformation"

Main article: Council of Trent Reform
New religious orders were a fundamental part of this trend. Orders such as the Capuchins, Ursulines, Theatines, the Barnabites, and especially the Jesuits strengthened rural parishes, improved popular piety, helped to curb corruption within the church, and set examples that would be a strong impetus for Catholic renewal. The Theatines were an order of devoted priests who undertook to check the spread of heresy and contribute to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly in both size and popularity. The Capuchin fathers were an order based on the imitation of Jesus' life as described by the Gospels. Capuchin-founded confraternities thus took special interest in the poor and lived austere lifestyles. These differing approaches were often complementary, as with the missions to rural areas poorly served by the existing parish structure. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansionism expressed the view that the rural parishes, whose poor state of affairs contributed to the growth of Protestantism, often needed Christianizing as much as heathens of Asia and the Americas. The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls. Their devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplifies the Catholic Reformations reaffirmation of salvation through faith and works, and firmly repudiated the sola scriptura of the Protestants emphasized by Lutherans and other Protestant sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, they reaffirmed fundamental premises of the Medieval Church.
However, the Jesuits, founded by the Spanish nobleman and ex-soldier Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556), were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. His Societas de Jesus was founded in 1534 and received papal authorization in 1540 under Paul III. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized their order along military lines, they strongly reflected the autocratic zeal of the period. Characterized by careful selection, rigorous training, and iron discipline, the worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in the new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises reflected the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of the earlier generation of Catholic reformers before the Reformation. The great psychological penetration that it conveyed was strongly reminiscent of devotionalism. However, the Jesuits are really the heirs to the observantine reform tradition, taking strong monastic vows of chastity, obedience, and poverty and setting an example that improved the effectiveness of the entire Church. They became preachers, confessors to monarchs and princes, and educators reminiscent of the humanist reformers, and their efforts are largely credited with stemming Protestantism in Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, southern Germany, France, and the Spanish Netherlands. They also strongly participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, conducting efforts in missionary activity that far outpaced even the aggressive Protestantism of the Calvinists. Even Loyola's biography contributed to the new emphasis on popular piety that had been waning under the eras of politically oriented popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a severe battle wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on earth." Once again, the emphasis on the Pope is a key reaffirmation of the Medieval Church as the Council of Trent firmly defeated all attempts of Conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the church collectively were God's representative on earth, rather than the Pope. Firmly legitimizing the new role of the Pope as an absolute ruler strongly characteristic of the new age of absolutism ushered in by the sixteenth century, the Jesuits strongly contributed to the reinvigoration of the Counter-Reformation Church.

The orders
In addition, between 1512 and the 1560s a movement of evangelical Catholics of high-ranking member of the curia, called Spirituali, actively tried to reform the Church through reform of the individual. This movement was strong and significant era in the Church.

Spiritual Movements
The demand by the Council of Trent for simplicity in music in order that the words might be heard clearly placed a serious stumbling block in the path of the development of polyphony in the mid-16th Century.
The Council, in their Canon on Music to be used for the Mass, stated: All things should indeed be so ordered that the masses, whether they be celebrated with or without singing, may reach tranquilly into the ears and hearts of those who hear them, when everything is executed clearly and at the correct speed. In the case of those masses which are celebrated with singing and with organ, let nothing profane be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. The whole plan of singing should be constituted not to give empty pleasure to the ear, but in such a way that the words be clearly understood by all. And thus the hearts of listeners be drawn to desire of heavenly harmonies in the contemplation of the joys of the Blessed. They shall also banish from church all music that contains whether in the singing or in the organ playing things that are lascivious or impure.
While this was worded fairly vaguely, the intent was clear. Complex polyphony was no longer deemed acceptable by the Council.
Palestrina's musical mastery and his skill at word setting greatly affected the outcome of this difficult situation. By composing a six-part polyphonic mass, called the Missa Papae Marcelli (Pope Marcellus Mass), of 1555, Palestrina demonstrated that polyphony was compatible with the mandates of the Counter-Reformation. Using an economy of notes, the mass setting conveys its words with surprising clarity. This represented a marked shift from the composer's earlier compositions, which often paired a single syllable with long strings of notes, called melismas, which obscured the text. The new, tighter style (which did occasionally resort to homophony) was both shorter and more comprehensible to the worshipper. The Pope Marcellus Mass was believed since the late 16th century to have been instrumental in preventing the abolition of polyphony. Recent scholarship, however, shows that this mass was composed before the cardinals convened to discuss the ban (possibly as much as ten years before). The mass was not, therefore, solely responsible for "saving" Catholic church music, as is sometimes claimed. Still, Palestrina's music would become the model for future generations of Catholic composers, and it continues to be held as an exemplar for polyphonic clarity.
Like Palestrina, the Netherlandish composer Jacob de Kerle (1531/32-1591) also demonstrated to Council delegates that polyphony was capable of projecting the words in a coherent manner. It is quite possible that Kerle, not Palestrina, should be credited as the first "savior" of polyphony. Another composer, Vincenzo Ruffo (c. 1508-1587), also complied with the reforms of the Council of Trent. Ruffo devoted himself entirely to sacred music in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation. Ruffo, however, took a different approach by dispensing with polyphony in favor of composing chordal, or homophonic, mass settings. Later in life, he apparently grew dissatisfied with homophony and returned to polyphony.
After all of the debate during the third meeting of the Council of Trent, the council's solutions gave composers very little room for artistic expression. Composers such as Palestrina and Lasso would find other ways of expressing their sacred themes during the Counter-Reformation.
The Council of Trent brought about other changes in music: most notably developing the Missa Brevis, Lauda and "Spiritual Madrigal" (Madrigali Spirituali).

The inadvertent start of the scientific revolution

Pius II (1503)
Paul III (1534-1549)
Julius III (1550-55)
Paul IV (1555-59)
Pius IV (1559-65)
St. Pius V (1566-72)
Gregory XIII (1572-85)
Sixtus V (1585-90)
St. Ignatius of Loyola
St. Teresa of Avila
St. John of the Cross
St. Francis de Sales

2007-10-24T09:06:00.001-07:00

- total - % water
- 25,700 km² -
- Total - Density
- est. 1,675,758 (2002) - est. 65/km²
Tula Oblast (Russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, Tulskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) with its present borders formed on September 26, 1937. Its administrative center is the city of Tula. It has an area of 25,700 km² and a population of 1,675,758 (2002 Census). The oblast's current governor is Vyacheslav Dudka.
For a sketch on its early history, see Upper Oka Principalities.

Geography
Tula Oblast is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD).

Time zone
Tula Oblast contains more than 1,600 rivers and streams. Major rivers include:

Don River
Oka River
Upa River Rivers
The oblast is rich in iron ore, clay, limestone, and deposits of lignite (coal). The lignite deposit is part of the Moscow coal basin.

Natural resources
Tula Oblast has a moderate continental climate.

Average temperature in January: −5.7°С
Average temperature in June: +19.1°С
Average Annual Precipitation: 470-575 mm Administrative divisions
According to the 2002 census, ethnic Russians at 1,595,564 make up 95% of the population. Other prominent ethnicities in the region include Ukrainians at 22,260 (1.3%), and Tatars at 8,968 (.5%). The rest of the residents identified themselves with 120 different ethnic groups, each group accounting for less than .5% of the population.
Birth Rate: 7.88 (2004), being the lowest in Russia. Decreased to 7.6 in mid-2006. Birth rate was 7.9 in the first half of 2007. [1]

Population: 1,675,758(2002)

Urban: 1,366,818 (81.6%)
Rural: 308,940 (18.4%)
Males: 755,057 (45.1%)
Females: 920,701 (54.9%)
Females per 1000 Males: 1219
Average age : 41.7 years
- Urban : 41.5 years
  Rural : 42.8 years
  Male : 37.8 years
  Female : 44.9 years Economy
  Tula's dominant religions are Orthodox Christianity and atheism.
  Tula Oblast has as many as 32 museums. Several are located in the administrative center of the oblast, the city of Tula, notably the Tula State Arms Museum, the Tula Kremlin, and the Tula Samovar Museum . Another important cultural tourist attractions is the home and country estate of Leo Tolstoy, Yasnaya Polyana, located 12 km outside of the city of Tula.
  The region also has four professional theaters, a philharmonic orchestra, and a circus.

2007-10-23T08:44:00.001-07:00

For the pathway in London, see Rotten Row.
Rottenrow is a famous street in the city of Glasgow in Scotland. It is located in the northern periphery of the city centre.
Rottenrow dates back to the city's medieval beginnings, and once connected the historic High Street to the northern reaches of what is now the Cowcaddens area. The origins of the street's name is subject to debate - some historians claim that it comes from the fact that the area was originally used as a dumping ground for refuse and sewage by the Glaswegians of the period. Others believe that it is derived from the Gaelic phrase Rat-an-righ, which translates as "Road Of The Kings" - presumably in relation to its close proximity to Glasgow Cathedral.
The street became dissected and realigned by the exponential growth of Glasgow's city centre during the Industrial Revolution, and then by the rapid development of the campus of the University of Strathclyde in the 1960s and 1970s.
Rottenrow is best known however as the address of the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital (usually nicknamed by locals simply as "The Rottenrow"), founded in 1834, and became a world-renowned centre of excellence in gynecology for over 100 years.
However the Maternity Hospital building had become inadequate for modern requirements by the end of the 20th century, and had fallen into a state of serious disrepair. In 2001, the hospital moved into a state-of-the-art extension to nearby Glasgow Royal Infirmary, and the building was purchased by the University of Strathclyde and subsequently demolished.
The site was redeveloped by the University into a public park designed by Gross Max landscape architects. Known as Rottenrow Gardens, the centrepiece of the park is George Wyllie's 'Monument to Maternity', a sculpture depicting a giant metal nappy (i.e. diaper) pin. The front and side porticos, foundation and basement walls of the Maternity Hospital were preserved, and incorporated into the design of the park. Rottenrow Gardens was officially opened in 2004. Some elements of the park will be permanent, others being temporary in anticipation of future Strathclyde campus expansion and renewal.

2007-10-22T11:09:00.001-07:00

Ownership society is a slogan for a model of society promoted by United States President George W. Bush. It takes as lead values personal responsibility, economic liberty, and the owning of property. The ownership society discussed by Bush also extends to certain proposals of specific models of health care and social security.

History
As formulated by the Cato Institute (see original quote and external link below), the desiderata are that
Here the comments in brackets are an interpretation or paraphrase, consistent with a generalised idea of ownership. The conceptual link here is by means of the idea that private property, the most familiar and everyday form of ownership, is being extended. Control is closely associated with ownership in that sense.
This Cato Institute formulation is not, however, in terms of positive policies. It is more accurately a definition of ownership by taking the state out of the loop. So, for example, in health care ownership is not being defined just on the basis of informed consent.
There is no real originality, politically speaking, in the connection made between individual ownership of property and political stake-holding. This was an idea discussed in Europe and America in the eighteenth century. (For example that the franchise should only be for property holders.)
The novelty of the Cato Institute formulation would lie in the extrapolation. In the case of savings, for example, the extension would be an assertion of property rights in money held in savings or collected tax revenues.

patients have control of [decisions on] their personal health care,
parents control [i.e. have power over] their children's education, and
workers control [i.e. have some responsibility for the investment of, or explicit property rights in] their retirement savings.

2007-10-21T08:31:00.001-07:00

Hel Peninsula (listen (help·info); Polish: Mierzeja Helska; Kashubian: Hélskô Sztremlëzna; German: Halbinsel Hela or Putziger Nehrung) is a 35-km-long sand bar peninsula in northern Poland separating the Bay of Puck from the open Baltic Sea. It is located in Puck County of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Military importance
During an episode of the cartoon Metalocalypse, members of the band Dethklok perform a concert near the Hel Peninsula.

2007-10-20T10:28:00.001-07:00

The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. (Basically, it is a noun that is doing something, usually joined (such as in Latin) with the accusative case.)

Explanation
The nominative case is the usual, natural form (more technically, the least marked) of certain parts of speech, such as nouns, adjectives, pronouns and less frequently numerals and participles, and sometimes does not indicate any special relationship with other parts of speech. Therefore, in some languages the nominative case is unmarked, that is, the nominative word is the base form or stem, with no inflection; alternatively, it may said to be marked by a zero morpheme. Moreover, in most languages with a nominative case, the nominative form is the lemma; that is, it is the one used to cite a word, to list it as a dictionary entry, etc.
Nominative cases are found in Latin, Icelandic and Old English, among other languages. English still retains some nominative pronouns, as opposed to the accusative case or oblique case: I (accusative, me), we (accusative, us), he (accusative, him), she (accusative, her) and they (accusative, them). An archaic usage is the singular second-person pronoun thou (accusative thee). A special case is the word you: Originally ye was its nominative form and you the accusative, but over time you has come to be used for the nominative as well.
The term "nominative case" is most properly used in the discussion of nominative-accusative languages, such as Latin, Greek, and most modern Western European languages. Some writers of English employ the term "subjective case" instead of nominative, in order to draw attention to the differences between the "standard" generic nominative and the way it is used in English.
In active-stative languages there is a case sometimes called nominative which is the most marked case, and is used for the subject of a transitive verb or a voluntary subject of an intransitive verb, but not for an involuntary subject of an intransitive verb; since such languages are a relatively new field of study, there is no standard name for this case.

2007-10-19T08:15:00.001-07:00

The Companies Act 1985 (1985 c. 6) is an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament enacted in 1985 which sets out the responsibilities of companies, their directors and secretaries. The Act was a consolidation of various other pieces of company legislation, yet it is just one component of the rules governing companies in England and Wales. A company will also be governed by its own Memorandum and Articles of Association. Where a company's Articles do not provide otherwise, the so called 'Table A Regulations' (Companies (Tables A to F) Regulations 1985) will apply. The common law also has a role to play, particularly in respect of directors' duties to the company.
The Act only applies to companies incorporated under it. Sole Traders, Partnerships, Limited Liability Partnerships and the like are not governed by the Act.
Company law in England and Wales is to be reformed by the Companies Act 2006 which received Royal Assent on 8 November 2006, but most of whose provisions are not yet in force. It is intended that all parts of the Act will be in force by October 2008. Provisions on company communications to shareholders and others will be in force as early as January 2007, driven by the considerable cost savings for businesses which they represent. The new Act will codify and clarify areas of common law affecting companies and ease the legislative burden on private companies. The Table A Regulations will be replaced by Model Articles.

2007-10-18T08:25:00.001-07:00

Display advertising Interactive advertising Email marketing Web analytics Cost Per Action Revenue sharing Contextual advertising Search engine optimization Social media optimization Pay Per Click advertising Paid inclusion Pay per click (PPC) is an advertising model used on search engines, advertising networks, and content websites, where advertisers only pay when a user actually clicks on an ad to visit the advertiser's website. Advertisers bid on keywords they believe their target market would type in the search bar when they are looking for a product or service. When a user types a keyword query matching the advertiser's keyword list, or views a page with relevant content, the advertiser's ad may be shown. These ads are called a "Sponsored link" or "sponsored ads" and appear next to, and sometimes, above the natural or organic results on search engine results pages, or anywhere a webmaster chooses on a content page. Pay per click advertising is a search engine marketing technique.
Pay per click ads may also appear on content network websites. In this case, ad networks such as Google Adsense and Yahoo! Publisher Network attempt to provide ads that are relevant to the content of the page where they appear, and no search function is involved.
While many companies exist in this space, Google AdWords, Yahoo! Search Marketing, and MSN adCenter are the largest network operators as of 2007. Depending on the search engine, minimum prices per click start at US$0.01 (up to US$0.50). Very popular search terms can cost much more on popular engines. Arguably this advertising model may be open to abuse through click fraud, although Google and other search engines have implemented automated systems to guard against this.

Categories
Advertisers using these bid on "keywords", which can be words or phrases, and can include product model numbers. When a user searches for a particular word or phrase, the list of advertiser links appears in order of the amount bid. Keywords, also referred to as search terms, are the very heart of pay per click advertising. The terms are guarded as highly valued trade secrets by the advertisers, and many firms offer software or services to help advertisers develop keyword strategies. Content Match, will distribute the keyword ad to the search engine's partner sites and/or publishers that have distribution agreements with the search engine company.
As of 2007, notable PPC Keyword search engines include: Google AdWords, Yahoo! Search Marketing, Microsoft adCenter, Ask, LookSmart, Miva, Kanoodle, Yandex and Baidu.

Keyword PPCs
"Product" engines let advertisers provide "feeds" of their product databases and when users search for a product, the links to the different advertisers for that particular product appear, giving more prominence to advertisers who pay more, but letting the user sort by price to see the lowest priced product and then click on it to buy. These engines are also called Product comparison engines or Price comparison engines.
Some Online Comparison Shopping engines such as Shopping.com use a PPC model and have a defined rate card.
Noteworthy PPC Product search engines include: Shopzilla, NexTag, and Shopping.com.

Online Comparison Shopping Engines
"Service" engines let advertisers provide feeds of their service databases and when users search for a service offering links to advertisers for that particular service appear, giving prominence to advertisers who pay more, but letting users sort their results by price or other methods. Some Product PPCs have expanded into the service space while other service engines operate in specific verticals.
Noteworthy PPC services include NexTag, SideStep, and TripAdvisor.

History

Internet marketing
Online advertising
Compensation methods
CTR - Click-through rate
CPM - Cost Per Mille
eCPM - Effective Cost Per Mille
CPT - Cost per thousand
CPI - Cost Per Impression
PPC - Pay per click
CPA - Cost Per Action
CPC - Cost Per Click
eCPA - effective Cost Per Action
Ad serving
Search engine marketing
Search engine optimization

2007-10-17T09:57:00.001-07:00

What is it?
The Ultimate++ project was begun in 1998 by its authors and current maintainers Mirek Fidler and Tomáš Rylek from the Czech Republic as a result of several major dissatisfactions with:
The first Ultimate++ classes were in part a supplement to MS MFC for Oracle GUI applications and in part a replacement for STL containers called NTL; successive development has created a layered structure of more genaral libraries, with significant rewriting over the years.
The official web site defines Ultimate++ a "cross-platform rapid application development suite focused on programmers productivity"; Ultimate++ authors seem to value simple and terse application code over flexibility, as demonstrated by the proud comparisons with other GUI toolkits.

Oracle Forms;
MFC;
C++ STL library containers (see a design rationale document);
value transfer semantics in C++ (see another design rationale document); Container and foundation libraries

GUI toolkit and RAD tool
(macro GUI_APP_MAIN hides platform specific differences).

Minimal U++ GUI "Hello world" application:
More complex example:
Use of members instead of pointers:
Dialogue templates are C++ templates: U++ GUI code examples
Programs created with Ultimate++ can be compiled and run on various operating systems:

Microsoft Windows: Mature (the original platform)
Linux, FreeBSD: Stable, less mature
Windows CE: Still experimental
Mac OS: incomplete Cross Platform
U++ widgets are emulated; Chameleon is the painting (skinning) mechanism which allows adjustment of a widget's look (skin). Chameleon can also detect and emulate the operating system or platform's look and feel (or "theme").

Structure and features of Ultimate++ TheIDE

U++ Overview
U++ GUI Tutorial
NTL tutorial
U++ List of Packages
Standard widgets