WikiProject Telecommunications may be able to help recruit one. If a more appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. The term Wireless Telegraphy is a historic term rarely used today except as applied to early radio telegraph communications. Wireless telegraphy originated as a term to describe electrical signaling without the electric wires to connect the end points. The intent was to distinguish it from the conventional electric telegraph signaling of the day that required wire connection between the end points. The term was initially applied to a variety of competing technologies to communicate messages encoded as symbols, without wires around the turn of the twentieth century with radio emerging as the most significant. These other competing wireless telegraphy technologies are interesting, but pale in significance. Wireless telegraphy rapidly came to be synonymous with Morse Code transmitted with electromagnetic waves decades before it came to be associated with the term radio. Wireless telegraphy is rarely used today except by amateur radio hobbiests where it commonly referred to as continuous wave (CW) radio telegraphy, or just CW.

Ground and water conduction
Both electrostatic and electromagnetic induction were used to develop wireless telegraph systems which saw limited commercial application. In the United States, Thomas Edison, in the mid-1880s, patented an electrostatic induction system he called "grasshopper telegraphy", which allowed telegraphic signals to jump the short distance between a running train and telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks. This system was successful technically but not economically, as there turned out to be little interest by train travelers in an on-board telegraph service. (U.S. Patent 465,971 , Means for Transmitting Signals Electrically, 1891).
The most successful creator of an electromagnetic induction system was William Preece in Great Britain. Beginning with tests across the Bristol Channel in 1892, Preece was able to telegraph across gaps of about 5 kilometers. However, his induction system required extensive lengths of wire, many kilometers long, at both the sending and receiving ends, which made it impractical for use on ships or small islands, and the relatively short distances spanned meant it had few advantages over underwater cables.

Electrostatic Induction and Electromagnetic Induction
Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) in a series of groundbreaking experiments in Germany during the 1880s. This led to work in using radio signals for wireless communication, initially with limited success. Using spark-gap transmitters plus coherer-receivers were tried by many experimenters, but several were unable to achieve transmission ranges of more than a few hundred metres. This was not the case for all researchers in the field of the wireless arts, though. By 1897, Guglielmo Marconi conducted a series of demonstrations with an economical radio system for signalling for communications over practical distances. This helped popularize radio communication activity worldwide, which is covered in depth by Invention of Radio and History of Radio.
By the 1920s, there was a worldwide network of commercial and government radiotelegraphic stations, plus extensive use of radiotelegraphy by ships for both commercial purposes and passenger messages. The ultimate implementation of wireless telegraphy was telex using radio signals, which was developed in the 1940s, and was for many years the only reliable form of communication between many distant countries. The most advanced standard, CCITT R.44, automated both routing and encoding of messages by short wave transmissions. (See telegraphy for more information).

Notes

John Joseph Fahie, A History of Wireless Telegraphy, 1838-1899: including some bare-wire proposals for subaqueous telegraphs, 1899 (first edition).
John Joseph Fahie, A History of Wireless Telegraphy: including some bare-wire proposals for subaqueous telegraphs, 1901 (second edition).
John Joseph Fahie, A History of Wireless Telegraphy: including some bare-wire proposals for subaqueous telegraphs, 1901 (second edition, in HTML format).
James Bowman Lindsay A short biography on his efforts on electric lamps and telegraphy.
Sparks Telegraph Key Review

Latacunga is a plateau town of Ecuador, capital of the Cotopaxi Province, 89 km (55 miles) south of Quito, near the confluence of the Alaques and Cutuchi rivers to form the Patate, the headstream of the Pastaza. The population of Latacunga is 51,689 [1], largely mestizo and indigenous.
Latacunga, is an hour and half south from Quito on the Pan-American Highway. It was previously also in the old road from Quito to Guayaquil to Quito, and has railway station between those cities. It is 9,055 ft (2,760 m). above sea level, and its climate is cold and windy, owing them to the neighboring snowclad heights, and the barren, pumice-covered tableland on which it stands. The active volcano Cotopaxi is only 25 m. distant, and the town has suffered repeatedly from eruptions. Founded in 1534, it was four times destroyed by earthquakes between 1698 and 1798. The neighboring ruins of an older native town are said to date from the Incas.
Latacunga's most noted food is chugchucaras, which is composed of pork, hominy (stewed maize), empanadas, plantains, popcorn, and tostado (a type of toasted corn.) Often paired with ají, a type of condiment that can be mild to very spicy depending on how it's prepared.
Latacunga economy is dependent on agriculture, and floriculture. It has an international airport that is not used for international passenger use, but as Air Force base and some special commercial flights. The presence of volcanic activity, has led to the accumulation of pumice deposits which are currently mined, as well as the presence of natural sparkling water, which is bottle under the brandname San Felipe.

Charles the Bold or Charles the Rash (French: Charles le Téméraire), he was the last Valois Duke of Burgundy and his early death was a pivotal, if under-recognised, moment in European history. After his death, his domains began an inevitable slide towards division between France and the Habsburgs (who through marriage to his heiress Mary of Burgundy became his heirs). Neither side was satisfied with the results and the disintegration of the Burgundian state was a factor in most major wars in Western Europe for over two centuries.

Early battles

Main article: Treaty of Péronne Treaty of Péronne
Other matters, moreover, engaged his attention. Relinquishing, if not the stately magnificence, at least some of the extravagance which had characterized the court of Burgundy under his father, he had bent all his efforts towards the development of his military and political power. Since the beginning of his reign he had employed himself in reorganizing his army and the administration of his territories. While retaining the principles of feudal recruiting, he had endeavoured to establish a system of rigid discipline among his troops, which he had strengthened by taking into his pay foreign mercenaries, particularly Englishmen and Italians, and by developing his artillery.

Domestic policies
Furthermore, he had lost no opportunity of extending his power. In 1469, the Archduke of Austria, Sigismund, had sold him the county of Ferrette, the Landgraviate of Alsace, and some other towns, reserving to himself the right to repurchase.
In October 1470, his brother in law, Edward IV of England, the King of England, and many Yorkist followers, took refuge in the Burgundian Court while the deposed Henry VI was placed back on the throne in the Readeption of Henry VI. The following March, with Burgundian support, Edward landed back in England and by May had reclaimed the crown.
In 1472-1473, Charles bought the reversion of the Duchy of Guelders (ie the right to succeed to it) from its old Duke, Arnold, whom he had supported against the rebellion of his son. Not content with being "the Grand Duke of the West," he conceived the project of forming a kingdom of Burgundy or Arles with himself as independent sovereign, and even persuaded the Emperor Frederick to assent to crown him king at Trier. The ceremony, however, did not take place owing to the Emperor's precipitate flight by night (September 1473), occasioned by his displeasure at the Duke's attitude.

Building a kingdom
In the following year Charles involved himself in a series of difficulties and struggles which ultimately brought about his downfall. He embroiled himself successively with the Archduke Sigismund of Austria, to whom he refused to restore his possessions in Alsace for the stipulated sum; with the Swiss, who supported the free towns of Upper Rhine in their revolt against the tyranny of the ducal governor, Peter von Hagenbach (who was condemned by a special international tribunal and executed on May 9, 1474); and finally, with René II, Duke of Lorraine, with whom he disputed the succession of Lorraine, the possession of which had united the two principal portions of Charles's territories— Flanders and the Low Countries and the Duchy and County of Burgundy. All these enemies, incited and supported as they were by Louis, were not long in joining forces against their common adversary.
Charles suffered a first rebuff in endeavouring to protect his kinsman, the Archbishop of Cologne, against his rebel subjects. He spent ten months (July 1474 – June 1475) besieging the little town of Neuss on the Rhine (the Siege of Neuss), but was compelled by the approach of a powerful imperial army to raise the siege. Moreover, the expedition he had persuaded his brother-in-law, Edward IV of England, to undertake against Louis was stopped by the Treaty of Picquigny (29 August 1475). He was more successful in Lorraine, where he seized Nancy (30 November 1475).
From Nancy he marched against the Swiss, hanging or drowning the garrison of Grandson, a possession of the Savoyard Jacques de Romont, a close ally of Charles, which the Confederates had invested shortly before, and in spite of their capitulation. Some days later, however, he was attacked before Grandson by the confederate army in the Battle of Grandson and suffered a shameful defeat, being compelled to flee with a handful of attendants, and leaving his artillery and an immense booty (including his silver bath) in the hands of the allies (March 2, 1476).
He succeeded in raising a fresh army of 30,000 men, with which he attacked Morat, but he was again defeated by the Swiss army, assisted by the cavalry of René II, Duke of Lorraine (22 June 1476). On this occasion, and unlike the debacle at Grandson, little booty was lost, but Charles certainly lost about one third of his entire army, the unfortunate losers being pushed into the nearby lake where they were drowned or shot at whilst trying to swim to safety on the opposite shore. On October 6 Charles lost Nancy, which René re-entered.

Downfall
Making a last effort, Charles formed a new army and arrived in the depth of winter before the walls of Nancy. Having lost many of his troops through the severe cold, it was with only a few thousand men that he met the joint forces of the Lorrainers and the Swiss, who had come to the relief of the town, at the Battle of Nancy (5 January 1477). He himself perished in the fight, his naked body being discovered some days afterwards, the face so mutilated by wild animals that only his physician was able to identify him by old scars on his body.

Death at Nancy
Charles left his unmarried nineteen year-old daughter as his heir; clearly her marriage would have enormous implications for the political balance of Europe. Both Louis and the Emperor had unmarried eldest sons; Charles had made some movements towards arranging a marriage between the Emperor's son, Maximilian, before his own death. Louis unwisely concentrated on seizing militarily the border territories, in particular the Duchy of Burgundy (a French fief). This naturally made negotiations for a marriage difficult. He later admitted to his councillor Philippe de Commynes that this was his greatest mistake. In the meantime the Hapsburg Emperor moved faster and more purposefully and secured the match for his son, the future Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, with the aid of Mary's step-mother, Margaret.
Charles the Bold has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit—a man who possessed no other quality than a blind bravery. He cannot however be said to have embodied chivalric notions, as did his father, for even by the standards of the time, he displayed wanton cruelty. In view of Charles' irrational behaviour in the last year or so of his life, it has even been suggested that he became mentally unstable.
Charles was also a great admirer of exotic animals and had the first peacocks imported into Burgandy. His attempts to import an elephant for his daughter ultimately failed however.

Legacy

Ancestors

1433–5 January 1477: Count of Charolais as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Burgundy as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Brabant as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Limburg as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Lothier as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Duke of Luxemburg as Charles II
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Margrave of Namur as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count Palatine of Burgundy as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Artois as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Flanders as Charles II
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Hainault as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Holland as Charles I
15 June 1467–5 January 1477: Count of Zeeland as Charles I
23 February 1473–5 January 1477: Duke of Guelders as Charles I
23 February 1473–5 January 1477: Count of Zutphen as Charles I Further reading

Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands
Burgundian Wars
Jacques, Duke of Savoy
Dukes of Burgundy family tree

The Edict of Pistres or Edictum Pistensis is often held up as one of the few examples, if not the sole example, of good government from Charles the Bald, the man who can be called first king of France. The edict was promulgated, as its name suggests, at Pistres (modern Pîtres, in Eure) on July 25, 864.
At a time when Vikings more than annually ravaged not only the European coast, but much of the interior (especially in France) as well, a king was most valued who could defeat them in the field and prevent their attacks in the future. The primary, and most long-lasting, effect of the Edict was therefore to protect the cities and countryside from Viking raids. Charles did this by creating a large force of cavalry upon which he could call as needed. He ordered all men who had horses or could afford horses to serve in the army as cavalrymen. This was one of the beginnings of the French chivalry so famous for the next seven centuries. The intention of Charles was to have a mobile force with which to descend upon the raiders before they could up and leave with their booty.
To prevent the Vikings from even attaining a great booty, Charles also declared that fortified bridges should be built at all towns on rivers. This was to prevent the dreaded longships from sailing into the interior. The first bridge built was at Pistres itself, across the Seine. At Paris, bridges were built on both sides of the Île de la Cité. Those bridges would save the city in the siege of 885–886. Charles also prohibited all trade in weapons with the Vikings, in order to prevent them from establishing bases in Gaul.
Asides from its auspicious military reforms, the Edict had political and economic consequences. King Pepin II of Aquitaine, against whom Charles had been fighting for decades, had been captured in 864 and was formally deposed at Pistres. Economically, besides the prohibitions on commerce with the enemy, Charles tightened his control of the mints and limited them in number to ten. Charles also made an attempt to control the building of private castles, but this failed and even minor lords constructed fortresses of their own on local hilltops to defend themselves and their underlings from the constant threat of Scandinavian invasion.

See also

List of treaties

G4 Media, Inc. is the parent company of G4, a 24-hour cable and satellite channel originally dedicated to video games. Comcast holds a controlling interest in G4 Media, with EchoStar holding a minority interest of approximately 12%.
In early 2004, G4 Media (at the time owned entirely by Comcast) announced the purchase of a controlling interest in TechTV. On May 28, 2004, G4 and TechTV merged into a hybrid network called G4techTV. EchoStar (which held a minority interest in TechTV) retained partial ownership of the combined entity.
The new network leaned more toward the gaming programming that was featured on G4 than the technology side that was featured on TechTV, prompting petitions and complaints from disaffected TechTV fans. On February 15, 2005, TechTV was officially dropped from the network name in the United States, leaving only three TechTV shows, X-Play, Anime Unleashed (removed indefinitely as of March 2006) and The Screen Savers (later rebranded as Attack of the Show!). The network is currently called G4, and now focuses on general male interest programming.
G4 Media holds a 33.3% minority interest in G4techTV Canada, G4's Canadian counterpart. G4techTV Canada has retained the TechTV brand as a result of restrictions by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.
On October 13, 2006, Comcast announced that it will consolidate G4, bringing it under E! Networks. G4's executive staff will move into E!'s Los Angeles offices and layoffs may occur.

Ladislaus II or László II (Hungarian: II. László; Slovak: Ladislav II., Croatian: Ladislav I.), (1131–January 14, 1163), was King of Hungary from 1162 to 1163.
Ladislaus was the second son of King Béla II of Hungary by Jelena of Serbia. In 1137, his father named him Duke of Bosnia, but Ladislaus quarreled with his brother Géza II and was forced into exile. Like his younger brother Stephen, Ladislaus sought the support of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.
After the death of Géza II in May 1162, the throne passed to his young son Stephen III, but the Byzantine emperor threatened the Hungarian nobility, forcing it to accept Ladislaus as king. The reign of Ladislaus lasted for only about half a year, from July 15, 1162 to his death on January 14, 1163. Almost nothing is known about his short reign. Already recognized his brother's heir, Stephen IV succeeded to the throne. By a wife whose name is unknown, Ladislaus had a daughter, Mária.
In medieval times, he was not counted as a king (being only an anti-king). So Ladislaus III was also counted as Ladislaus II.

Roslin (sometimes spelt Rosslyn) is a village in Midlothian, Scotland, to the south of the Scottish capital city Edinburgh. It is situated approximately 12 miles (20 km) from Edinburgh Airport.
The name Roslin derives from the Celtic words "ross", a rocky promontory, and "lynn", a waterfall. Legend has it the village was founded in 203 A.D. by Asterius, a Pict.Another possible name orgin of Roslin is the ley line named Roseline that runs directly through the chapel at Rosslyn; but this seems unlikely as no direct proof has ever been found that ley lines exist. Roslin became important as the seat of the St. Clair family. In 1456 King James II granted it the status of a burgh. Coal mining has been a major occupation from the twelfth to the late twentieth centuries. The village was put in the world media spotlight when hollywood,s Tom Hanks & co came to Roslin September 2005 to film the blockbusting movie the Da Vinci Code, locals put on a party & invited the cast & crewe to celebrate the revelations as disclosed in the fact-fiction book written by Dan Brown. As a direct result 175000 pilgrim,s made the journey to the village the year the film was released, to make there own conclusion,s. There is now a country park in Roslin Glen.
The Dunedin, New Zealand suburb of Roslyn was named after Roslin; as was Roslindale, Boston, Massachusetts as well as Roslin, Ontario, Canada.
Rosslyn Chapel
Roslin Castle
Battle of Roslin, 1303 [1]
Roslin Institute, where Dolly the Sheep was cloned.